Sustainable synthesis of shea butter-derived bio-lubricants: A green alternative to mineral oils

Next Sustainability Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI:10.1016/j.nxsust.2025.100128

Samuel Joseph , Fredah Batale Abifarin , Williams Wangka Jikisim , Bekas Nabieyeh Jibrillu , Johnson Kehinde Abifarin

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Abstract

As environmental concerns over mineral oil-based lubricants rise, the search for sustainable alternatives intensifies. This study explores producing bio-lubricant from shea butter using double-transesterification with sodium hydroxide and tetraoxosulphate (IV) acid as catalysts. The process achieved a 57.89 % yield at a 4:1 molar ratio of shea methyl ester to trimethylolpropane, with 0.8 % w/w catalyst at 110°C for three hours. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified key functional groups in the crude oil: O-H (3340 cm⁻¹), C-H (2914–2980 cm⁻¹), CO (1740 cm⁻¹), and C-H terminal alkane bonds (1456 cm⁻¹). In the bio-lubricant, the spectrum showed C-O ester groups (1173–1253 cm⁻¹), CO carbonyl groups (1740 cm⁻¹), C-H stretching (2855–2923 cm⁻¹), and O-H polyol groups (3356 cm⁻¹). These findings demonstrate significant chemical and physicochemical modifications, underscoring the potential of shea butter-based bio-lubricant as a sustainable and green alternative to mineral oils.

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可持续合成乳木果油衍生的生物润滑油：矿物油的绿色替代品

随着对矿物油为基础的润滑油的环境担忧的增加，对可持续替代品的寻找也在加剧。以乳木果油为原料，以氢氧化钠和四氧硫酸酸为催化剂，采用双酯交换法制备生物润滑油。当乳木果甲酯与三甲基丙烷的摩尔比为4:1，催化剂w/w为0.8 %，温度为110℃，反应时间为3小时时，收率为57.89 %。傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱确定了原油中的关键官能团：O-H（3340 cm⁻¹）、C-H（2914-2980 cm⁻¹）、CO（1740 cm⁻¹）和C-H末端烷烃键（1456 cm⁻¹）。在生物润滑剂中，光谱显示C-O酯组（1173-1253 cm⁻¹），CO羰基组（1740 cm⁻¹），C-H伸展组（2855-2923 cm⁻¹）和O-H多元醇组（3356 cm⁻¹）。这些发现显示了显著的化学和物理化学修饰，强调了乳木果油为基础的生物润滑剂作为矿物油的可持续和绿色替代品的潜力。

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Next Sustainability

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