Atmospheric wet deposition monitoring of PCDD/Fs in an urban site: Fluxes, rain concentrations and washout ratios

IF 7.6 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126224

Abdul Alim Noori , Berke Gülegen , Askin Birgül , Yücel Tasdemir

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Abstract

The fate of atmospheric pollutants can partly be explained by deposition phenomena occurring either wet or dry. This investigation reported the wet deposition flux values of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) utilizing a wet deposition sampler (WDS) in a densely populated urban center in Türkiye between June 2022 and July 2023. The particulate phase in precipitation was captured on a filter, while the dissolved phase was sorbed onto the XAD-2 resin in the WDS. The experimental findings revealed that the average total PCDD/F (∑₁₇PCDD/F) wet deposition flux, measured on a monthly basis, exhibited values of 2030 ± 660 pg/m²-day (n = 12) and 397 ± 186 pg/m²-day (n = 11) for the particulate and dissolved phases, respectively. These results demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were significantly removed from the atmosphere through rainfall. Among the compounds, the most dominant congener was OCDD (744 ± 463 pg/m²-day in particulate and 107 ± 45 pg/m²-day dissolved phase). However, regarding TEQ units, the highest flux belonged to 2,3,7,8-TCDD (3.9 ± 1.2 pg I-TEQ/m²-day for particulate and 4.3 ± 3.0 pg I-TEQ/m²-day for dissolved phase). Rainwater samples revealed that ∑₁₇PCDD/F concentrations in the particulate phase (68.5 ± 44.3 pg/L) significantly exceeded those in the dissolved phase (12.4 ± 5.7 pg/L). The washout ratios for particulate and dissolved phases were calculated using the rainwater and atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/Fs. These ratios ranged between 1.44 × 10⁴ and 3.76 × 10⁵ for particulate phases and from 8.41 × 10³ to 8.75 × 10⁵ for dissolved phases. Consequently, the washout rates of 4- and 5-chlorinated compounds were lower than those of 7- and 8-chlorinated compounds. During the winter months, an increase in the PCDD/F pollution level was observed, leading to higher detections of PCDD/Fs in wet deposition compared to other seasons. However, this situation was not mirrored in the concentrations found in rainwater. The frequency of precipitation and the high volume of rainwater during the colder months resulted in lower concentrations.

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城市站点大气湿沉降监测PCDD/Fs：通量、雨浓度和冲刷比

大气污染物的命运可以部分地用湿或干的沉积现象来解释。本研究报告了2022年6月至2023年7月期间，多氯二苯并-对二恶英（pcdd）和多氯二苯并呋喃（pcdf）在基伊市人口稠密的城市中心使用湿沉降采样器（WDS）的湿沉降通量值。沉淀物中的颗粒相被过滤器捕获，而溶解相被吸附在WDS中的XAD-2树脂上。实验结果表明，颗粒相和溶解相的平均总PCDD/F（∑17PCDD/F）湿沉积通量每月测量值分别为2030±660 pg/m2-day （n=12）和397±186 pg/m2-day （n=11）。这些结果表明，PCDD/Fs通过降雨从大气中大量去除。在这些化合物中，最主要的同系物是OCDD（颗粒相744±463 pg/m2-day，溶解相107±45 pg/m2-day）。然而，对于TEQ单位，通量最高的是2,3,7,8- tcdd（颗粒3.9±1.2 pg I-TEQ/m2-day，溶解相4.3±3.0 pg I-TEQ/m2-day）。雨水样品的∑17PCDD/F浓度在颗粒相（68.5±44.3 pg/L）显著高于溶解相（12.4±5.7 pg/L）。利用雨水和大气PCDD/Fs浓度计算颗粒相和溶解相的冲刷比。颗粒相的比值为1.44×104至3.76×105，溶解相的比值为8.41×103至8.75×105。因此，4氯和5氯化合物的洗脱率低于7氯和8氯化合物。在冬季，PCDD/F污染水平增加，导致湿沉降中PCDD/F的检测高于其他季节。然而，这种情况并没有反映在雨水中的浓度上。在较冷的月份，降水的频率和大量雨水导致了较低的浓度。

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来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.