From mines to tombs: decoding the journey of turquoise artifacts at the Xingong site (1500-1300 BC), Beijing

Abstract

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of turquoise artifacts excavated from the Xingong site in Beijing using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Initially, examination of polished facets and drilling marks revealed sophisticated ancient techniques. SEM observations identified characteristic mineral inclusions. Based on trace element concentrations, all the turquoise samples were classified as sedimentary metamorphic in origin. A detailed comparison of eight key trace elements (Ba, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sb, U, V, and Zn) allowed us to exclude several turquoise mining regions, pinpointing Shaanxi, Henan, and Hubei as likely sources. Due to generally low lead content, only one sample was suitable for lead isotope analysis. Therefore, we primarily employed strontium isotope analysis to further refine the provenance, ultimately confirming that the samples originated from the southern belt of the Hubei-Henan-Shaanxi turquoise mining area. Our findings highlight the significant role of turquoise in regional trade networks during the Shang Dynasty, emphasizing the Xingong site’s importance in facilitating communication with the south. This research not only deepens our understanding of ancient craftsmanship and trade routes but also demonstrates the potential of integrating trace element and isotopic analyses in archaeological provenance studies, setting a precedent for future investigations.