Direct ink writing of functionally graded bone scaffolds using ceramic foams to mimic natural bone hierarchical porosity and multiple gradients

IF 12.7 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Weiwei Guo , Anquan Ma , Zhaoliang Jiang , Lichao Gong , Huawen Dai , Shiyuan Han
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Abstract

The heterogeneity of natural bone requires versatile materials to provide performance-matched substitutes for critical-size defective tissue. However, replicating the complex gradients and multi-scale structure of natural bone remains a critical challenge in bone tissue engineering. To overcome this, the work presents a novel approach to print functional gradient bone scaffolds by online mixing zirconia-based ceramics (ZbC) foam and alumina-based ceramics (AbC) foam. After forming, ZbC exhibited a compressive strength of 88.7 MPa and an elastic modulus of 3.9 GPa. In contrast, AbC with 90 % porosity showed only 1/17th of the compressive strength but a 5.5-fold higher elastic modulus. These mechanical properties align well with those of cortical and cancellous bone. AbC, structurally characterized by large pores built by thin filaments and small pores obtained by porogenic agents, provides the necessary channels for the ingrowth of cells and vascular veins. Particularly, by combining ZbC and AbC in a continuous gradient, the scaffold mimics the femur's mechanical gradients, porosity, and connectivity, minimizing stress mismatch at interfaces. Cell adhesion, spread, and proliferation within the scaffold pores further validate its potential. Therefore, this low-cost, multi-scale, and multi-material 3D printing technology offers a promising strategy for the insufficient donor problem of bone defects.
用陶瓷泡沫直接墨水书写功能分级骨支架来模拟自然骨的分层孔隙度和多重梯度
天然骨的异质性需要多用途材料来提供性能匹配的替代品,以替代临界尺寸的缺陷组织。然而,复制天然骨的复杂梯度和多尺度结构仍然是骨组织工程的关键挑战。为了克服这一问题,该研究提出了一种通过在线混合氧化锆基陶瓷(ZbC)泡沫和氧化铝基陶瓷(AbC)泡沫来打印功能梯度骨支架的新方法。成型后,ZbC的抗压强度为88.7 MPa,弹性模量为3.9 GPa。相比之下,孔隙率为90%的AbC的抗压强度仅为1/17,但弹性模量高出5.5倍。这些力学性能与皮质骨和松质骨的力学性能相当。AbC在结构上以细丝形成的大孔和致孔剂形成的小孔为特征,为细胞和血管的向内生长提供了必要的通道。特别是,通过将ZbC和AbC结合在一个连续的梯度中,支架模拟了股骨的机械梯度、孔隙度和连通性,最大限度地减少了界面处的应力不匹配。细胞在支架孔内的粘附、扩散和增殖进一步证实了其潜力。因此,这种低成本、多尺度、多材料的3D打印技术为解决骨缺损供体不足问题提供了一种很有前景的策略。
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来源期刊
Composites Part B: Engineering
Composites Part B: Engineering 工程技术-材料科学:复合
CiteScore
24.40
自引率
11.50%
发文量
784
审稿时长
21 days
期刊介绍: Composites Part B: Engineering is a journal that publishes impactful research of high quality on composite materials. This research is supported by fundamental mechanics and materials science and engineering approaches. The targeted research can cover a wide range of length scales, ranging from nano to micro and meso, and even to the full product and structure level. The journal specifically focuses on engineering applications that involve high performance composites. These applications can range from low volume and high cost to high volume and low cost composite development. The main goal of the journal is to provide a platform for the prompt publication of original and high quality research. The emphasis is on design, development, modeling, validation, and manufacturing of engineering details and concepts. The journal welcomes both basic research papers and proposals for review articles. Authors are encouraged to address challenges across various application areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, aerospace, automotive, and other surface transportation. The journal also covers energy-related applications, with a focus on renewable energy. Other application areas include infrastructure, off-shore and maritime projects, health care technology, and recreational products.
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