Assessment of essential mineral (Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Cu, Fe, and Zn) intakes from cuban diets and their health implications: Insights from a total diet study

Abstract

This study focuses on evaluating the intake of selected essential minerals in the Cuban population's diet and their associated health implications. Using 24-hour recall surveys and a Total Diet Study approach, 17 food groups were established from a total of 107 foods collected from the three regions of the Cuban territory. The minerals in the 17 groups were quantified by digesting the foods through dry ashing, and the analysis was carried out using the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method (for Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe and Zn) and spectrophotometric method (for P). The results revealed significant variations in mineral intake among the food groups, with dairy products, meats, legumes, and condiments being the primary sources of these nutrients. Average calcium and magnesium intakes (687 and 230 mg/day) were below the recommended 1000 mg/day and 300–350 mg/day, respectively. However, phosphorus consumption was excessive, averaging 1220 mg/day, which could pose health risks, especially with inadequate calcium intake (molar ratio of 0.44:1). Despite sufficient iron intake (16.8 mg/day), sodium consumption was high (3242 mg/day), exceeding the safe limit of 2000 mg/day, and may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk. The assessment of the risks associated with the individual intake of each mineral indicated that the Cuban population is not currently at significant risk. However, the synergistic effect of these minerals resulted in a Total Target Hazard Quotient of 1.23, indicating potential cause for concern. In conclusion, improving the Cuban diet requires policies that ensure balanced mineral intake and reduce health risks.