Development of a quantitative analytical method for 6PPD, a harmful tire antioxidant, in biological samples for toxicity assessment

IF 6.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118171

Min-Seok Choi , Sung-Hwan Kim , Moonjung Hyun , Sung Min Han , Yong-Hyun Kim

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Abstract

This study developed and validated a high-sensitivity analytical method for the quantification of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a hazardous antioxidant used in tires, to support the effective management of its environmental exposure. Using an HPLC-UV system with acetonitrile and deionized water as the mobile phase, the method did not require salts or acids. The calibration curve exhibited excellent linearity (R² = 0.9999) with detection limits of 0.17 pg μL^–1 (LOD) and 5.51 pg μL^–1 (MDL), underscoring its ultra-trace detection capability. A pretreatment protocol was developed to quantify 6PPD in mouse liver samples. The protocol achieved a relative recovery rate of 71.89 % and high precision across all spiking concentrations (mean RSD = 2.20 ± 0.92 %). The validated methods were applied to analyze 6PPD residues in mouse liver following intratracheal instillation exposure. At 9 h post-exposure, residual 6PPD concentrations increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (R² = 0.9906), with a relative distribution of 0.06 ± 0.01 %. This cost-effective and reliable method provides a practical tool for quantifying 6PPD in environmental and biological matrices. The findings enhance the understanding 6PPD exposure dynamics and support the establishment of regulatory guidelines for managing its ecological and human health risks.

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本研究开发并验证了一种高灵敏度分析方法，用于定量检测轮胎中使用的有害抗氧化剂 N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N′-苯基对苯二胺（6PPD），以支持对其环境暴露的有效管理。该方法采用 HPLC-UV 系统，以乙腈和去离子水为流动相，无需使用盐或酸。校准曲线具有良好的线性关系（R2 = 0.9999），检测限为 0.17 pg μL-1 (LOD)和 5.51 pg μL-1 (MDL)，突出了其超痕量检测能力。研究人员开发了一种前处理方案，用于定量检测小鼠肝脏样本中的 6PPD 含量。该方法的相对回收率为 71.89 %，所有加标浓度的精密度都很高（平均 RSD = 2.20 ± 0.92 %）。验证后的方法被用于分析气管内灌注暴露后小鼠肝脏中的 6PPD 残留。暴露后 9 小时，残留的 6PPD 浓度以剂量依赖的方式显著增加（R2 = 0.9906），相对分布为 0.06 ± 0.01 %。该方法成本低廉、性能可靠，是定量检测环境和生物基质中 6PPD 的实用工具。研究结果加深了人们对 6PPD 暴露动态的了解，有助于制定管理其生态和人类健康风险的监管准则。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

12.10

自引率

5.90%

发文量

1234

审稿时长

88 days

期刊介绍： Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety is a multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on understanding the exposure and effects of environmental contamination on organisms including human health. The scope of the journal covers three main themes. The topics within these themes, indicated below, include (but are not limited to) the following: Ecotoxicology、Environmental Chemistry、Environmental Safety etc.