Sarcopenia: an aging perspective and management options.

Abstract

There is no doubt that sarcopenia is one of the most defining characteristics of aging that negatively impacts people's health and quality of life. The condition is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and strength, affecting physical performance. It is part of aging but can be exacerbated by pathophysiological conditions like cancer, and several factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, chronic diseases, falls and immobilization. Numerous cellular mechanisms have been implicated in its pathogenesis, including hormonal changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered apoptotic and autophagic signalling, muscle fiber composition, as well as inflammatory pathways. To prevent sarcopenia, exercise is one of the most effective strategies, as it has a strong influence on both anabolic and catabolic muscle pathways and helps improve skeletal muscle function. A well-rounded, multicomponent exercise program that targets muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and balance is recommended for optimal results. While nutrition is essential for muscle maintenance, relying solely on dietary interventions is unlikely to fully address sarcopenia. Therefore, a combination of adequate nutrition and regular exercise, is recommended to promote muscle health and function. The purpose of this paper is to review sarcopenia from an aging viewpoint and discuss the role of exercise and nutrition as prevention and management options.