{"title":"Mechanisms and genetic mutations of pyrethroid resistance in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in the context of urbanization: a case study of Hangzhou, China.","authors":"Binbin Jin, Lingya Wei, Tianxiao Duan, Yinghong Wang, Huimin Wang, Hui Jin","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2025.1566942","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Asian tiger mosquito (<i>Aedes albopictus</i>) serves as a globally significant vector for arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The extensive application of pyrethroid insecticides has led to a growing resistance in <i>Ae. albopictus</i> populations, thereby compromising mosquito control initiatives. This study examines the mechanisms underlying pyrethroid resistance and the related genetic mutations in <i>Ae. albopictus</i> within the framework of urbanization, with the objective of informing the development of effective control strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae were sampled from five districts in Hangzhou, China, each characterized by different levels of urbanization. Resistance to beta-cypermethrin and permethrin were evaluated utilizing the World Health Organization (WHO) tube test methodology. Molecular analyses were conducted to identify mutations in the <i>voltage-gated sodium channel</i> (<i>VGSC</i>) gene, with a specific focus on the F1534S mutation. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation to assess the relationship between resistance levels and urbanization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Populations of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> in Hangzhou demonstrated substantial resistance to pyrethroids, with mortality rates falling below 90%. Notably, the Binjiang District exhibited the lowest mortality rates, with 20.55% for beta-cypermethrin and 21.21% for permethrin, whereas Chun'an County displayed relatively higher mortality rates of 32.00% and 47.28%, respectively. The F1534S mutation was predominantly observed, with homozygous (S/S) mutations constituting 87.78% and 83.29% of the populations exposed to beta-cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively. Chi-square analyses confirmed a significant association between the F1534S mutation and resistance (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Furthermore, no significant correlation was identified between resistance levels and urbanization rates (<i>P</i> > 0.05), indicating that urbanization is not a primary factor contributing to resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The F1534S mutation is pivotal in conferring pyrethroid resistance in <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. To enhance the effectiveness of mosquito control strategies, it is imperative to incorporate resistance monitoring, insecticide rotation, and non-chemical approaches. Additionally, further research is warranted to investigate alternative resistance mechanisms and the influence of urbanization on mosquito ecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12458,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1566942"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11975946/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1566942","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) serves as a globally significant vector for arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The extensive application of pyrethroid insecticides has led to a growing resistance in Ae. albopictus populations, thereby compromising mosquito control initiatives. This study examines the mechanisms underlying pyrethroid resistance and the related genetic mutations in Ae. albopictus within the framework of urbanization, with the objective of informing the development of effective control strategies.
Methods: Ae. albopictus larvae were sampled from five districts in Hangzhou, China, each characterized by different levels of urbanization. Resistance to beta-cypermethrin and permethrin were evaluated utilizing the World Health Organization (WHO) tube test methodology. Molecular analyses were conducted to identify mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, with a specific focus on the F1534S mutation. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation to assess the relationship between resistance levels and urbanization.
Results: Populations of Ae. albopictus in Hangzhou demonstrated substantial resistance to pyrethroids, with mortality rates falling below 90%. Notably, the Binjiang District exhibited the lowest mortality rates, with 20.55% for beta-cypermethrin and 21.21% for permethrin, whereas Chun'an County displayed relatively higher mortality rates of 32.00% and 47.28%, respectively. The F1534S mutation was predominantly observed, with homozygous (S/S) mutations constituting 87.78% and 83.29% of the populations exposed to beta-cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively. Chi-square analyses confirmed a significant association between the F1534S mutation and resistance (P < 0.01). Furthermore, no significant correlation was identified between resistance levels and urbanization rates (P > 0.05), indicating that urbanization is not a primary factor contributing to resistance.
Conclusion: The F1534S mutation is pivotal in conferring pyrethroid resistance in Ae. albopictus. To enhance the effectiveness of mosquito control strategies, it is imperative to incorporate resistance monitoring, insecticide rotation, and non-chemical approaches. Additionally, further research is warranted to investigate alternative resistance mechanisms and the influence of urbanization on mosquito ecology.
期刊介绍：
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology is a leading specialty journal, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across all pathogenic microorganisms and their interaction with their hosts. Chief Editor Yousef Abu Kwaik, University of Louisville is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international experts. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide.
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology includes research on bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, endosymbionts, prions and all microbial pathogens as well as the microbiota and its effect on health and disease in various hosts. The research approaches include molecular microbiology, cellular microbiology, gene regulation, proteomics, signal transduction, pathogenic evolution, genomics, structural biology, and virulence factors as well as model hosts. Areas of research to counteract infectious agents by the host include the host innate and adaptive immune responses as well as metabolic restrictions to various pathogenic microorganisms, vaccine design and development against various pathogenic microorganisms, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and its countermeasures.
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