Nrf2: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Glucocorticoid-Resistant Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) presents a challenge for otolaryngologists due to its complex management and high recurrence rates. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are extensively utilized for their potent anti-inflammatory effects in managing various inflammatory conditions and also play a pivotal role in treating CRS. Certain patients exhibit insensitivity to GC therapy, leading to GC resistance (GCR). Oxidative stress is one causative factor for GCR development, while the Nrf2 signaling pathway emerges as a critical cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress-induced damage. Exploring the Nrf2 signaling pathway is promising for advancing our understanding of GC sensitivity and its application in treating CRS. This article overviews the relationship between GC sensitivity and the Nrf2 signaling pathway and potential Nrf2-related drugs. Studies have shown that Nrf2 activators, used alone or in combination with GCs, more effectively inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress damage than GC monotherapy, making them a promising new target for CRS treatment.