On-chip colorimetric assay for determining serum lithium concentration from whole blood†

Abstract

Lithium is the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder. However, the narrow therapeutic window of serum (s-)lithium is near its toxicity range, necessitating continuous monitoring of patients, a process involving regular hospital visits. On-demand home sampling could allow for more frequent testing, possibly resulting in safer patient outcomes, further dosage optimization, and increased compliance. This article presents a device that measures the s-lithium concentration from whole blood. The device consists of a single-use cartridge able to conduct on-chip serum filtration, volume-metering and an on-chip colorimetric assay. Spiked whole blood shows good linearity (Pearson's r = 0.96, R² = 0.92), a limit-of-detection of 0.3 mmol L⁻¹, and an average deviation of 0.05 mmol L⁻¹ (±6%) compared to atomic absorption spectroscopy. The on-chip colorimetric assay has shown to be a promising technique for measuring s-lithium concentration from whole blood and could allow patients to assess lithium levels at home and make the treatment available for new patient groups.