Assessment of water quality for irrigation purpose: a case study of three states in Nigeria

IF 2.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Earth Sciences Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI:10.1007/s12665-025-12221-4

Samuel Dare Oluwagbayide, Akinyinka Akinnusotu, Kikelomo Mabinuola Arifalo, Ademola Adamu, Francis Olawale Abulude, Samson Olatunde Mabayoje, Amoke Monisola Kenni

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Abstract

Both humans and animals use water for a variety of functions. However, access to drinking water and agricultural water continues to be a major problem in many areas, especially Southwest Nigeria. Based on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), this study is unique because it offers a thorough evaluation of the metal (Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Fe) levels in water samples from thirty-five (35) sites in Osun, Ondo, and Ekiti States with a range of socioeconomic activities and environmental conditions. This study’s main goal is to evaluate the metal concentrations in the water samples and decide whether or not they are suitable for irrigation. Water samples were taken from rivers and streams (10), boreholes (8), wells (15), and rain (2). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the metal content of the samples. The mean concentration of the metals showed the following results: Ca > K > Na > Mg > Fe > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd. The irrigation assessments yielded the following results: ESP (10.32), KR (0.50), MAR (17.84), SAR (8.69), and SSP (22.85). Comparing the findings of this investigation, it was found that K, Mg, Na, Ca, Pb, and Cr were below the national limit, while Cu, Cd, and Fe were marginally above the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) limits. Similarly, it was found that the acceptable limits were exceeded by Mn, Pb, Cd, and Cr, but the limits for Na and Cu were below the World Health Organization (WHO) level. The different activities that took place in the studied locations maybe the causes of the higher levels. The irrigation water samples are safe and of high quality. According to the study’s findings, heavy metal contamination of water samples is a widespread problem in Southwest Nigeria that poses major dangers to public health. In order to guarantee safe irrigation and drinking water, the results highlight the necessity of frequent water quality monitoring, public awareness initiatives, and the adoption of stronger laws.

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人类和动物都要用水来实现各种功能。然而，在许多地区，尤其是尼日利亚西南部，饮用水和农业用水的获取仍然是一个重大问题。根据钠吸附率 (SAR)、可溶性钠百分比 (SSP)、镁吸附率 (MAR) 和可交换钠百分比 (ESP)，这项研究是独一无二的，因为它对来自奥逊州、翁多州和埃基迪州 35 个地点的水样中的金属（Na、Ca、K、Mg、Cr、Mn、Cu、Pb、Cd 和 Fe）含量进行了全面评估，这些地点的社会经济活动和环境条件各不相同。这项研究的主要目的是评估水样中的金属浓度，并决定这些水样是否适合灌溉。水样取自河流和溪流（10 个）、井眼（8 个）、水井（15 个）和雨水（2 个）。使用原子吸收光谱（AAS）测定了样本中的金属含量。金属的平均浓度结果如下：钙、钾、钠、镁、铁、锰、铬、铜、铅、镉。灌溉评估结果如下：ESP（10.32）、KR（0.50）、MAR（17.84）、SAR（8.69）和 SSP（22.85）。对比调查结果发现，K、Mg、Na、Ca、Pb 和 Cr 低于国家限值，而 Cu、Cd 和 Fe 略高于国家环境标准和法规执行机构（NESREA）的限值。同样，还发现锰、铅、镉和铬超过了可接受的限值，但纳和铜的限值低于世界卫生组织（WHO）的水平。研究地点发生的不同活动可能是导致较高水平的原因。灌溉水样本是安全和优质的。研究结果表明，水样重金属污染是尼日利亚西南部地区普遍存在的问题，对公众健康构成重大威胁。为了保证灌溉用水和饮用水的安全，研究结果强调了经常进行水质监测、提高公众意识和通过更强有力的法律的必要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Earth Sciences 环境科学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

3.60%

发文量

494

审稿时长

8.3 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Earth Sciences is an international multidisciplinary journal concerned with all aspects of interaction between humans, natural resources, ecosystems, special climates or unique geographic zones, and the earth: Water and soil contamination caused by waste management and disposal practices Environmental problems associated with transportation by land, air, or water Geological processes that may impact biosystems or humans Man-made or naturally occurring geological or hydrological hazards Environmental problems associated with the recovery of materials from the earth Environmental problems caused by extraction of minerals, coal, and ores, as well as oil and gas, water and alternative energy sources Environmental impacts of exploration and recultivation – Environmental impacts of hazardous materials Management of environmental data and information in data banks and information systems Dissemination of knowledge on techniques, methods, approaches and experiences to improve and remediate the environment In pursuit of these topics, the geoscientific disciplines are invited to contribute their knowledge and experience. Major disciplines include: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, engineering geology, remediation science, natural resources management, environmental climatology and biota, environmental geography, soil science and geomicrobiology.