Advancements in high-performance electrical heaters: Enhancing electrothermal properties with ZnO and g-C3N4 enhanced graphite-based technologies

Abstract

The evolution of electrical heaters is crucial for advancing applications in smart wearables, optoelectronics, and energy-efficient heating technologies. This study investigates the enhancement of electrothermal properties in electrical heaters by integrating Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C₃N₄) into graphite-based heaters. Employing ZnO nanoparticles, nanosheets, and g-C₃N₄/ZnO nanocomposites, we developed graphite-based electric heaters noted for their high performance, rapid response, and energy efficiency. Various synthesis methods, including hydrothermal, precipitation, and solid-state techniques, were used to engineer ZnO nanostructures with precise control over size and morphology, which were then integrated into graphite pastes. The inclusion of ZnO nanosheets significantly enhanced heating performance, with one configuration reaching a maximum temperature of 641 °C in just 200 s under a 10 V supply. The integration of g-C₃N₄ improved thermal stability and conductivity, enabling superior performance characterized by rapid temperature elevation with minimal energy input. This research not only elucidates the mechanisms through which nanoscale modifications enhance heater properties but also opens avenues for the development of scalable, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly heating solutions.