Childhood obesity: The threatening apprentice of the adiposity empire.

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a global health problem, with its prevalence having tripled since 1975. The increase in its prevalence has been predominantly in developing countries, but also in those with high economic status. Nowadays, there are multiple obesity definitions, however, one of the most accurate is the one which defines obesity as the accumulation of excessive body adiposity and not as an body weight excess. Nevertheless, the body mass index (BMI) is the most frequently used tool for its classification, according to the cut-off points established by the Center for Disease Control and World Health Organization tables. In children and adolescents an adiposity excess is related to the appearance of cardiovascular disease in adulthood and with many comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, among others. Currently, there is still controversy about which is the ideal indicator for measuring overweight and obesity. BMI is still used as a standardized measure but may miss cases in which body composition is pathological despite a BMI within the normal-weight category. An adequate knowledge of the impact on health of dysfunctional adiposity as well as its accurate diagnosis will allow health professionals to address this condition in a more precise and comprehensive manner, and substantially improve the associated cardiometabolic risk and prognosis.