Insights into tectonic lineaments patterns and crustal architectures beneath the Carlsberg Ridge: Implications for mineral exploration

Abstract

This study focuses on the Carlsberg Ridge’s complex geological structures, characterized by rugged topography, seismicity, and significant hydrothermal activity, which have led to the deposition of economically valuable sulfide minerals. Using an integrated geophysical approach, including gravity data analysis, lineament mapping, Euler depth estimation, seismicity analysis, and spectral depth examination, we investigate the structural and crustal architecture beneath the Carlsberg Ridge. The analysis utilizes high-resolution GECO global gravity models, to generate detailed subsurface images. A comparative study of GECO-derived and shipborne Free-air gravity data shows strong agreement, with higher correlation and lower RMS error. The study also employs the regional-residual gravity separation, edge enhancement filters, and Euler deconvolution method, which aid in identifying mineralization zones and active/inactive vent sites conducive to mineral accumulation. Results indicate topographic and gravity anomalies linked to shallow-to-moderate depth discontinuities, active tectonics, hydrothermal venting, and mineralization processes. Identified zones shows high lineament density, moderate crustal thickness, and shallower Moho depths. The THVH technique delineated faults and fractures with dominant orientations of NE-SW, NW-SE, ENE-WSW, N-S, and E-W directions, respectively. Seismic events along the ridge axis, with focal depths of 9.0–10.5 km and magnitudes of 4.0–5.9 Mb, correlate with these zones. Mineralized areas align with high seismicity, shallow crustal features, and hydrothermal vent activity. These findings emphasize the Carlsberg Ridge’s potential for deep-sea mineral exploration, offering valuable insights into seafloor mineralization processes. This study provides a foundation for future geophysical and geochemical surveys in mid-oceanic ridge environments.