Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications

Abstract

Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) has surfaced as an innovative technology for supplying power to low-power electronic devices by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. This technology utilizes the piezoelectric effect, in which specific materials produce an electric charge when they experience mechanical stress. Piezoelectric materials can be categorized into three main types: single crystal, composite, and polymeric. Single-crystal materials exhibit elevated piezoelectric coefficients and stability; however, they tend to be costly and fragile. Composite materials integrate piezoelectric ceramics with polymer matrices, enhancing flexibility and lowering costs. Polymeric materials exhibit lightweight, flexible, and biocompatibility characteristics, rendering them ideal for wearable and implantable applications. Although PEH presents considerable promise, it is essential to tackle challenges, including low power output, material constraints, and environmental influences. Future investigations will focus on creating innovative materials that exhibit improved piezoelectric characteristics, refining device architecture for optimal energy conversion, and incorporating piezoelectric harvesting technology into intelligent systems. By addressing these challenges and investigating creative solutions, PEH can significantly advance sustainable and self-powered electronic devices.