Comparative evaluation of macrophage polarization markers- nitric oxide, sCD163 and miRNA-21 in the saliva of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study

IF 1 Q4 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Gene Reports Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI:10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102213

J. Akshaya, Dhayanand John Victor, Devapriya Appukuttan, Santhosh Venkadassalapathy, Sangeetha Subramanian, P.S.G. Prakash

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Abstract

Background

M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes are crucial for periodontal tissue homeostasis, and their balance is modulated by micro-RNAs. This study sought to assess the potential of nitric oxide (NO), sCD163, and miRNA-21 to serve as diagnostic biomarkers.

Materials and methods

52 subjects categorised into 4 groups - Group A: systemically and periodontally healthy; Group B: systemically healthy with gingivitis; Group C: Stage- III or IV Periodontitis without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM) and Group D: stage III/IV periodontitis with T2DM.Saliva was analyzed for sCD163 using ELISA, NO by colorimetric assay and miRNA-21 by real time qPCR.

Results

Group C and D had higher concentration of sCD163 and NO, when compared to Groups A and B with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001). The miRNA-21 CT values were highest in group B while it was lowest in group D, with this difference being significant (p < 0.001). Higher miRNA-21 fold change was seen in group C which however was not statistically significant on comparing between the groups. sCD163 and NO values showed a positive correlation and miRNA-21 CT values showed a negative correlation with clinical parameters which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). sCD163 and NO showed a significant positive correlation with each other, whereas miRNA-21 CT showed significant negative correlation with sCD163 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Dysregulated macrophage polarization may play a prime role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis with or without diabetes mellitus. sCD163, NO, and miRNA-21 could be potential diagnostic biomarkers for evaluating macrophage polarization and periodontitis severity, which will however need to be confirmed through longitudinal trials.

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来源期刊

Gene Reports Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Genetics

CiteScore

3.30

自引率

7.70%

发文量

246

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Gene Reports publishes papers that focus on the regulation, expression, function and evolution of genes in all biological contexts, including all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, as well as viruses. Gene Reports strives to be a very diverse journal and topics in all fields will be considered for publication. Although not limited to the following, some general topics include: DNA Organization, Replication & Evolution -Focus on genomic DNA (chromosomal organization, comparative genomics, DNA replication, DNA repair, mobile DNA, mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA). Expression & Function - Focus on functional RNAs (microRNAs, tRNAs, rRNAs, mRNA splicing, alternative polyadenylation) Regulation - Focus on processes that mediate gene-read out (epigenetics, chromatin, histone code, transcription, translation, protein degradation). Cell Signaling - Focus on mechanisms that control information flow into the nucleus to control gene expression (kinase and phosphatase pathways controlled by extra-cellular ligands, Wnt, Notch, TGFbeta/BMPs, FGFs, IGFs etc.) Profiling of gene expression and genetic variation - Focus on high throughput approaches (e.g., DeepSeq, ChIP-Seq, Affymetrix microarrays, proteomics) that define gene regulatory circuitry, molecular pathways and protein/protein networks. Genetics - Focus on development in model organisms (e.g., mouse, frog, fruit fly, worm), human genetic variation, population genetics, as well as agricultural and veterinary genetics. Molecular Pathology & Regenerative Medicine - Focus on the deregulation of molecular processes in human diseases and mechanisms supporting regeneration of tissues through pluripotent or multipotent stem cells.