Percutaneous image-guided cryoablation of venous malformation and fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: prognostic factors of clinical efficacy.

Abstract

Objective: To assess the prognostic factors for clinical and radiological responses to percutaneous image-guided cryoablation (CA) in treating venous malformation (VM) and fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA).

Materials and methods: Fifty-five patients (12 males, 43 females; median age: 30 years) with symptomatic lesions (median VAS pain score: 70; median initial volume: 12.2 mm³) underwent CA between 2012 and 2023. CA was a first-line treatment in 23 patients (42%) and second-line in 32 (58%). Lesions were Goyal grade 1 in 24 cases (43%) and located on extremities in 44 (80%). Technical efficacy was assessed using MRI and applying RECIST criteria, while clinical efficacy was based on changes in VAS pain scores. Prognostic factors for residual pain were analyzed using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results: With a median follow-up of 13 months, technical success was achieved in all cases, and 20% of patients underwent multiple sessions. Technical efficacy was observed in 69% of cases, with 33% achieving complete response and 36% partial response (mean volume reduction: 47%). Clinical efficacy was reached in 72% of cases. Univariable analysis linked residual pain to sex (female, p = 0.013), initial pain level (p = 0.014), Goyal grade (p = 0.029), and residual volume (p = 0.012). Multivariable analysis revealed that grade (p = 0.035), post-therapeutic volume (p = 0.048), and completeness of treatment (p = 0.029) were statistically significant predictors.

Conclusion: Cryoablation is an effective management strategy for venous malformation and FAVA, with residual volume emerging as a significant indicator of clinical success.

Key points: Question Venous malformations (VA) and fibro-adipose vascular anomalies (FAVA) often cause chronic pain, with limited effective treatment options. Identifying predictors of pain relief following cryoablation could optimize patient outcomes. Findings Cryoablation achieved 72% pain relief for VA and FAVA. High lesion grade, treatment completeness, and residual volume were significantly associated with residual pain. Clinical relevance Cryoablation provides an effective, minimally invasive treatment for VA and FAVA, achieving significant pain relief while identifying predictors to optimize patient selection and outcomes.