Anamika Nath, Dimpi Saikia, Mebaaibok L. Nonglait, Pratibha Deka
{"title":"Assessment of indoor air quality and characterization of indoor settled dust in schools of Tezpur, Northeast India","authors":"Anamika Nath, Dimpi Saikia, Mebaaibok L. Nonglait, Pratibha Deka","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01679-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to assess the indoor air quality along with the elemental concentrations of indoor settled classroom dust across nineteen schools in Tezpur, Northeast India. The average indoor temperature and relative humidity were 24.53 ͦ C and 60.61%, respectively which is within the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE’s) recommended comfort limits. The overall average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were 134.69 ± 70.71 µg/m<sup>3</sup> indoors and 122.89 ± 61.55 µg/m<sup>3</sup> outdoors, significantly exceeding the WHO’s 24-hour recommended guideline of 15 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. However, CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were within the standards established by ASHRAE 62.1. The elemental concentrations in decreasing order were: Fe > Al > Mg > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Co > Cd. The average Enrichment Factor (EF) values were 16.01 (Zn), 12.43 (Pb), 9.52(Cd), 7.27 (Ni), 1.63 (Cu), 1.54 (Mn), 1.31 (Cr), 0.92 (Co), 0.73 (Mg), and 0.48 (Al). Urban schools had the highest average EF for traffic-related elements (TREs) followed by suburban schools and rural schools. The degree of contamination (C<sub>degree</sub>) values indicated moderate contamination levels, while all schools had pollution load index (PLI) values below 1, signifying low to negligible pollution and acceptable classroom environmental quality. A strong significant correlation at <i>p</i> < 0.05 was found between Mg-Mn (0.55), Mg-Fe (0.54), Mg-Ni (0.56), Mg-Co (0.48), Mg-Cu (0.63), Al-Cr (0.79), Al-Mn (0.79), Al-Fe (0.60), Al-Ni (0.54), Al-Co (0.80), Cr-Fe (0.78), Cr-Ni (0.74), Cr-Co (0.81), Mn-Fe (0.48), Mn-Co (0.64), Mn-Cu (0.64), Fe-Ni (0.99), Fe-Co (0.80), Ni-Co (0.75), Cu-Zn (0.50), and Cd-Pb (0.62). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) identified consistent pollutant distribution patterns and their probable sources. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of classroom dust samples showed that quartz, calcite, and haematite were the most common minerals. This suggests that the source of classroom dust could be soil, chalk dust, and anthropogenic activities. The health risk assessment indicated that non-cancerous risks from heavy metals were within acceptable ranges. However, the total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR) for rural (1.37E-04), suburban (1.09E-04), and urban (1.08E-04) areas slightly exceeded the acceptable limits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 3","pages":"793 - 814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-024-01679-z","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study aims to assess the indoor air quality along with the elemental concentrations of indoor settled classroom dust across nineteen schools in Tezpur, Northeast India. The average indoor temperature and relative humidity were 24.53 ͦ C and 60.61%, respectively which is within the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE’s) recommended comfort limits. The overall average PM2.5 concentrations were 134.69 ± 70.71 µg/m3 indoors and 122.89 ± 61.55 µg/m3 outdoors, significantly exceeding the WHO’s 24-hour recommended guideline of 15 µg/m3. However, CO2 concentrations were within the standards established by ASHRAE 62.1. The elemental concentrations in decreasing order were: Fe > Al > Mg > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Co > Cd. The average Enrichment Factor (EF) values were 16.01 (Zn), 12.43 (Pb), 9.52(Cd), 7.27 (Ni), 1.63 (Cu), 1.54 (Mn), 1.31 (Cr), 0.92 (Co), 0.73 (Mg), and 0.48 (Al). Urban schools had the highest average EF for traffic-related elements (TREs) followed by suburban schools and rural schools. The degree of contamination (Cdegree) values indicated moderate contamination levels, while all schools had pollution load index (PLI) values below 1, signifying low to negligible pollution and acceptable classroom environmental quality. A strong significant correlation at p < 0.05 was found between Mg-Mn (0.55), Mg-Fe (0.54), Mg-Ni (0.56), Mg-Co (0.48), Mg-Cu (0.63), Al-Cr (0.79), Al-Mn (0.79), Al-Fe (0.60), Al-Ni (0.54), Al-Co (0.80), Cr-Fe (0.78), Cr-Ni (0.74), Cr-Co (0.81), Mn-Fe (0.48), Mn-Co (0.64), Mn-Cu (0.64), Fe-Ni (0.99), Fe-Co (0.80), Ni-Co (0.75), Cu-Zn (0.50), and Cd-Pb (0.62). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) identified consistent pollutant distribution patterns and their probable sources. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of classroom dust samples showed that quartz, calcite, and haematite were the most common minerals. This suggests that the source of classroom dust could be soil, chalk dust, and anthropogenic activities. The health risk assessment indicated that non-cancerous risks from heavy metals were within acceptable ranges. However, the total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR) for rural (1.37E-04), suburban (1.09E-04), and urban (1.08E-04) areas slightly exceeded the acceptable limits.
期刊介绍：
Air Quality, Atmosphere, and Health is a multidisciplinary journal which, by its very name, illustrates the broad range of work it publishes and which focuses on atmospheric consequences of human activities and their implications for human and ecological health.
It offers research papers, critical literature reviews and commentaries, as well as special issues devoted to topical subjects or themes.
International in scope, the journal presents papers that inform and stimulate a global readership, as the topic addressed are global in their import. Consequently, we do not encourage submission of papers involving local data that relate to local problems. Unless they demonstrate wide applicability, these are better submitted to national or regional journals.
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health addresses such topics as acid precipitation; airborne particulate matter; air quality monitoring and management; exposure assessment; risk assessment; indoor air quality; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric modeling and prediction; air pollution climatology; climate change and air quality; air pollution measurement; atmospheric impact assessment; forest-fire emissions; atmospheric science; greenhouse gases; health and ecological effects; clean air technology; regional and global change and satellite measurements.
This journal benefits a diverse audience of researchers, public health officials and policy makers addressing problems that call for solutions based in evidence from atmospheric and exposure assessment scientists, epidemiologists, and risk assessors. Publication in the journal affords the opportunity to reach beyond defined disciplinary niches to this broader readership.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
