{"title":"Synthesis and antifouling properties of carbazole amide derivatives with fluorescent functional structure","authors":"Yifan Wang, Wenjian Dong, Xuefeng Yan, Xia Li, Liangmin Yu","doi":"10.1007/s10853-025-10725-9","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tin-free self-polishing antifouling coatings are prevalent today. However, its high Cu<sub>2</sub>O content endangers the marine environment. Leveraging the fluorescent properties of coating to prevent fouling is an environmentally friendly antifouling coating development. In this paper, four unreported fluorescent structural carbazole amide derivatives (FSCAD) were synthesized by Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. Their fluorescence, antibacterial, and algal inhibition properties were examined. The fluorescent properties test results showed that the four FSCAD exhibited high fluorescence properties. The results of antibacterial test and anti-algae growth test showed that the maximum bacterial inhibition rate can reach 90%, and the growth inhibition rate of three kinds of microalgae can reach more than 75%. It was added to the antifouling coating system as an antifouling agent instead of the traditional antifouling agent Cu<sub>2</sub>O. The abrasion rate, contact angle, surface morphology, and roughness of the coatings were determined by dynamic simulation experiments, and the antifouling properties of the coatings were evaluated by the anti-algae sedimentation test and marine environment antifouling experiments. The results of dynamic simulation experiments showed that adding FSCAD does not affect the wettability and surface state of the coating. Anti-algae sedimentation test exhibited that marine antifouling coatings with FSCAD showed excellent inhibition on the sedimentation of microalgae. The anti-fouling performance of the coating was tested in the marine environment antifouling experiments. The results showed that the coating exhibited excellent anti-fouling performance, with minimal biofouling was attached to the surface of the coating. Especially, the antifouling performance with compound A was better than that of chlorothalonil.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science","volume":"60 13","pages":"5749 - 5764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Materials Science","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10853-025-10725-9","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Tin-free self-polishing antifouling coatings are prevalent today. However, its high Cu2O content endangers the marine environment. Leveraging the fluorescent properties of coating to prevent fouling is an environmentally friendly antifouling coating development. In this paper, four unreported fluorescent structural carbazole amide derivatives (FSCAD) were synthesized by Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. Their fluorescence, antibacterial, and algal inhibition properties were examined. The fluorescent properties test results showed that the four FSCAD exhibited high fluorescence properties. The results of antibacterial test and anti-algae growth test showed that the maximum bacterial inhibition rate can reach 90%, and the growth inhibition rate of three kinds of microalgae can reach more than 75%. It was added to the antifouling coating system as an antifouling agent instead of the traditional antifouling agent Cu2O. The abrasion rate, contact angle, surface morphology, and roughness of the coatings were determined by dynamic simulation experiments, and the antifouling properties of the coatings were evaluated by the anti-algae sedimentation test and marine environment antifouling experiments. The results of dynamic simulation experiments showed that adding FSCAD does not affect the wettability and surface state of the coating. Anti-algae sedimentation test exhibited that marine antifouling coatings with FSCAD showed excellent inhibition on the sedimentation of microalgae. The anti-fouling performance of the coating was tested in the marine environment antifouling experiments. The results showed that the coating exhibited excellent anti-fouling performance, with minimal biofouling was attached to the surface of the coating. Especially, the antifouling performance with compound A was better than that of chlorothalonil.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Materials Science publishes reviews, full-length papers, and short Communications recording original research results on, or techniques for studying the relationship between structure, properties, and uses of materials. The subjects are seen from international and interdisciplinary perspectives covering areas including metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, electrical materials, composite materials, fibers, nanostructured materials, nanocomposites, and biological and biomedical materials. The Journal of Materials Science is now firmly established as the leading source of primary communication for scientists investigating the structure and properties of all engineering materials.
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