Paternal contributions to mammalian zygote - Beyond sperm-oocyte fusion.

Abstract

Contrary to a common misconception that the fertilizing spermatozoon acts solely as a vehicle for paternal genome delivery to the zygote, this chapter aims to illustrate how the male gamete makes other essential contributions , including the sperm borne-oocyte activation factors, centrosome components, and components of the sperm proteome and transcriptome that help to lay the foundation for pregnancy establishment and maintenance to term, and the newborn and adult health. Our inquiry starts immediately after sperm plasma membrane fusion with its oocyte counterpart, the oolemma. Parallel to and following sperm incorporation in the egg cytoplasm, some of the sperm structures (perinuclear theca) are dissolved and spent to induce development, others (nucleus, centriole) are transformed into zygotic structures enabling it, and yet others (mitochondrial and fibrous sheath, axonemal microtubules and outer dense fibers) are recycled as to not stand in its way. Noteworthy advances in this research include the identification of several sperm-borne oocyte activating factor candidates, the role of autophagy in the post-fertilization sperm mitochondrion degradation, new insight into zygotic centrosome origins and function, and the contributions of sperm-delivered RNA cargos to early embryo development. In concluding remarks, the unresolved issues, and clinical and biotechnological implications of sperm-vectored paternal inheritance are discussed.