Advancing energy storage: The future trajectory of lithium-ion battery technologies

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are pivotal in modern energy storage, driving advancements in consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid energy storage. This review explores the current state, challenges, and future trajectory of lithium-ion battery technology, emphasizing its role in addressing global energy demands and advancing sustainability. Despite achieving energy densities up to 300 Wh/kg, cycle lives exceeding 2000 cycles, and fast-charging capabilities, lithium-ion batteries face significant challenges, including safety risks, resource scarcity, and environmental impacts. Recycling inefficiencies and the need for sustainable material alternatives further underscore the urgency for innovation. This paper highlights recent breakthroughs in silicon-based anodes, solid-state electrolytes, and advanced cell designs, which promise to push energy densities beyond 400 Wh/kg and extend cycle lives to over 5000 cycles. Additionally, alternative battery technologies, such as solid-state, sodium-ion, and metal-air systems, are explored for their potential to complement or surpass lithium-ion batteries in specific applications. By bridging the gap between academic research and real-world implementation, this review underscores the critical role of lithium-ion batteries in achieving decarbonization, integrating renewable energy, and enhancing grid stability. Collaborative efforts among researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers are essential to overcoming these challenges and driving the transition to cleaner, more sustainable energy systems.