Perspectives on absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference shielding materials with MXene and carbon-based polymer composites

Abstract

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are essential for reducing unwanted electromagnetic radiation and ensuring the reliable operation of electronic devices. Among various EMI shielding strategies, absorption-dominated materials have gained significant attention due to their ability to reduce secondary reflection while maintaining high shielding effectiveness. This work provides a comprehensive overview of absorption-based EMI shielding materials, focusing on MXene- and carbon-based nanomaterials. The integration of these conductive nanomaterials into polymer matrix composites enables the development of lightweight, flexible, and easy-to-fabricate shielding materials. Furthermore, structural modifications such as foam architectures, gradient structures, and 3D-printed designs have been explored to enhance EM wave absorption while minimizing reflection. Additionally, novel strategies, including molecular-level surface functionalization, electrical polarization, and triboelectric surface charging effects, along with their synergistic interactions, have been explored to further suppress reflectivity and optimize absorption mechanisms. The practical applications of these materials span multi-band frequency EMI shielding, including 5G telecommunications, IoT devices, and automotive radar systems. Looking ahead, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for materials design and optimization is expected to accelerate the discovery of next-generation high-performance, absorption-dominant EMI shielding materials. By leveraging data-driven approaches, researchers can predict shielding effectiveness, optimize material properties, and reduce experimental costs, leading to more efficient and scalable material development. This review highlights the current advancements, challenges, and future opportunities in absorption-dominant EMI shielding materials, providing an overview of highly efficient, low-reflectivity EMI shielding solutions.