A Rfa1-MN-based system reveals new factors involved in the rescue of broken replication forks.

Abstract

The integrity of the replication forks is essential for an accurate and timely completion of genome duplication. However, little is known about how cells deal with broken replication forks. We have generated in yeast a system based on a chimera of the largest subunit of the ssDNA binding complex RPA fused to the micrococcal nuclease (Rfa1-MN) to induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at replication forks and searched for mutants affected in their repair. Our results show that the core homologous recombination (HR) proteins involved in the formation of the ssDNA/Rad51 filament are essential for the repair of DSBs at forks, whereas non-homologous end joining plays no role. Apart from the endonucleases Mus81 and Yen1, the repair process employs fork-associated HR factors, break-induced replication (BIR)-associated factors and replisome components involved in sister chromatid cohesion and fork stability, pointing to replication fork restart by BIR followed by fork restoration. Notably, we also found factors controlling the length of G1, suggesting that a minimal number of active origins facilitates the repair by converging forks. Our study has also revealed a requirement for checkpoint functions, including the synthesis of Dun1-mediated dNTPs. Finally, our screening revealed minimal impact from the loss of chromatin factors, suggesting that the partially disassembled nucleosome structure at the replication fork facilitates the accessibility of the repair machinery. In conclusion, this study provides an overview of the factors and mechanisms that cooperate to repair broken forks.