Advanced metal-contained composites for fluoride removal from wastewater: mechanism, preparation, properties and applications

Abstract

With the rapid development of society, fluoride pollution in the water environment caused by human activities and natural development has constituted one of the main causes of threat to human health and safety. Among the various fluoride removal technologies available, adsorption technology has been deeply explored by various scientists and has made great progress in the current emergency situation of fluoride-contaminated water sources, especially the adsorbents containing metal or metal ion materials, which have better results. This review first describes the various mechanisms of fluoride removal by adsorption, the different methods of preparation of the materials (electrospinning, hydrothermal, solvothermal, and so on), and the current applications of the materials in fluoride removal. Then, in terms of application, the influence of different factors on the fluoride removal capacity is presented. Finally, solutions to the current problems are proposed. However, to apply them to industry for large-scale use requires the continued exploration of various researchers to make the theoretical effects into practical ones, thus improving the environment on which we depend.