A new method for the rapid determination of sodium percarbonate in aqueous samples using a modified HPLC setup†

Abstract

Sodium percarbonate (SPC) is a widely used oxidant with applications in environmental remediation, especially within advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Despite its prevalence, traditional methods for SPC quantification are often limited by complexity, cost, or lack of adaptability, creating a need for rapid, reliable, and scalable analytical approaches. This study presents a novel method for SPC quantification using a modified high-performance liquid chromatography with visible detection (HPLC-VIS) system. The key innovation lies in replacing the conventional separation column with a narrow-diameter loop reactor made of simple PEEK tubing, allowing SPC to react with acidified potassium iodide directly within the system. This modification eliminates the need for separate sample pretreatment, simplifies the analytical workflow, and enables real-time reaction monitoring while using standard HPLC equipment available in most laboratories. The method demonstrated high repeatability, reproducibility, and strong linearity (R² > 0.99) across a range of pH values and in complex matrices, including highly saline and organic pollutant-containing samples. The method effectively monitored residual SPC levels in AOP-treated tramadol samples, where it confirmed continued SPC activity post-degradation of the target compound, indicating potential for comprehensive degradation of byproducts. Additionally, tests on a commercial SPC-based detergent (Vanish) validated the method's applicability for real-world samples. Overall, this HPLC-based technique provides a streamlined, environmentally friendly, and robust solution for SPC quantification, offering significant advantages for both research and industrial applications involving SPC in various water matrices.