Development and characterization of water hyacinth reinforced thermoplastic starch as sustainable biocomposites†

Abstract

This research endeavors to craft an innovative biocomposite by incorporating varying weight percentages of water hyacinth short fibers as a bio-filler within thermoplastic starch. Notably, composites with a 2 wt% loading of water hyacinth exhibited remarkable enhancements in mechanical properties, showcasing a 113% increment in tensile strength and a 98% rise in flexural strength as compared to virgin thermoplastic starch. Furthermore, this optimized composite exhibited an impact strength of 8.3 kJ m⁻² and a hardness value of 9.8, underscoring its mechanical robustness. The intricate interplay between the starch matrix and the bio-filler was meticulously analyzed through FTIR spectral analysis. Moisture sorption properties of the produced composites were evaluated under two distinct ambient humidity conditions, focusing on thermoplastic starch. The thermal stability of the optimized composite was rigorously tested, revealing stability up to 320 °C. Furthermore, a soil burial degradation assessment demonstrated the biodegradable nature of these composites, with a significant 65% reduction in original mass after 60 days in compost conditions. Cytotoxicity testing of the optimized composite confirmed its safety, solidifying the potential of water hyacinth in crafting eco-friendly, biodegradable composites as a sustainable alternative to conventional thermoplastic-based materials.