A Highly Sensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor for High-Pressure Range Monitoring

Abstract

Flexible pressure sensors with high performance are in high demand for applications in electronic skin, human-machine interfaces, and health monitoring. A promising method to enhance the sensitivity of capacitive pressure sensors is the incorporation of ionic soft materials with microstructured designs in the functional layer. These structures enhance the capacitance signal by generating an electron double layer, thereby increasing sensor sensitivity. However, while microstructured ionic piezocapacitive sensors exhibit exceptional sensitivity in low-pressure regimes (<10>200 kPa) due to the stiffening of the microstructures. In addition, the complex fabrication processes and the need for specialized equipment to create these microstructures result in high costs and low production efficiency. Here, we present a simple and cost-effective method for integrating an ionic hydrogel and separator into a pressure sensor. By sandwiching a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane between two layers of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel containing NaCl, the sensor achieves remarkable sensitivity—up to 977.8 kPa−1—at high pressures (>200 kPa). Furthermore, the PAAm-NaCl hydrogel-based sensor demonstrates a fast response time of ~100 ms and exceptional mechanical stability, enduring 1000 compression-release cycles. This approach offers a straightforward strategy for the mass production of highly sensitive pressure sensors. We also highlight the potential of these devices to detect subtle mechanical stimuli under high baseline pressures, such as monitoring pressure distribution during postural changes when a person shifts the standing position.