Accretion, evaporation and superradiance phase diagram of (primordial) black holes and 10−21 − 1021 eV scalar, vector, tensor fields

Abstract

We obtain the accretion, evaporation and superradiance phase diagram of astrophysical and primordial black holes in the mass range ${10}^{-33}-{10}^{11}{M}_{\odot }$. This black hole mass range corresponds to production of ${10}^{-21}-{10}^{21}$ eV particles for superradiance (bosons) and evaporation (bosons and fermions). Only accretion and superradiance processes are relevant for heavy black holes, on the other hand for light black holes of primordial origin, all three processes can be relevant. We find that superradiance instability can happen even for black hole spin values as low as ${10}^{-9}-{10}^{-2}$. Since light black holes are very unstable to these perturbations and sensitive probes of bosonic particles, a single moderately spinning BH can probe 2-9 orders of magnitude of mass parameter space depending on the nature of the perturbations that are scalar (axion), vector (dark photon and/or photon with effective mass) and spin-2. If spinning black holes are observed and superradiance is not observed, possibly due to self-interactions, we find limits on the axion/scalar decay constant and energy density. We generalize these bounds for vector and spin-2 fields.