{"title":"Identification of molecular therapeutic features of the homeopathy medicine Thuja by genome-wide expression profiling","authors":"Chandana Yesudas , Yoga Soundarya Mohan , Jayaprakash Senthil , Ponmathi Panneerpandian , Krishnaveni Ganesan , Anisha Marina Mariyanayagam , Srutimanjari Parida , Illakkiam Devaraj , Kumaresan Ganesan","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100596","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Thuja occidentalis</em>, a homeopathic remedy, has been extensively used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments, particularly for the skin disease warts. Its therapeutic use is well-documented, especially in Chinese traditional medicine, where it has also been explored for its potential in cancer treatment. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), <em>Thuja occidentalis</em> is known as “<em>Ce Bai Ye” (崖柏屬</em>) and has been extensively employed due to its diverse therapeutic features. <em>Ce Bai Ye</em> is particularly valued for its hemostatic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory properties. In traditional Chinese medicine <em>Thuja's</em> astringent nature makes it beneficial for digestive issues such as diarrhoea. Despite the above-mentioned potential applications, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be identified. This study was designed to investigate the molecular impact of <em>Thuja</em> on cancer cells, with a special focus on its effects on gastric cancer cells.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the study</h3><div>This study aims to investigate the molecular therapeutic features of <em>Thuja occidentalis</em> in gastric cancer by employing genome-wide expression profiling and by evaluating the impact on the growth and signalling pathways in gastric cancer cells.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>AGS, gastric cancer cells were treated with 0.1% <em>Thuja occidentalis</em> mother tincture, and the impact on inhibiting the features of cancer cell growth was assessed by colony and spheroid-forming assays. Genome-wide expression profiling was conducted to identify the genes and pathways regulated by <em>Thuja</em>. Gene set enrichment analysis was done to elucidate the signalling pathways modulated by <em>Thuja</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Thuja</em> has significantly inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells and also reduced the colony- and spheroid-forming potential. Genome-wide expression profiling has identified a significant downregulation of histone and zinc finger (ZNF) family genes, polymerase-related genes, and ATP genes. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed <em>Thuja</em> to downregulate the signalling pathways, including MAPK, MYC, Wnt, NOTCH, GPCR, TGF-β, PDGF, and JAK/STAT. The genes commonly upregulated in warts were downregulated by <em>Thuja</em>, indicating a potential therapeutic role of <em>Thuja</em> in wart treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides novel insights into the molecular therapeutic effects of <em>Thuja</em> in gastric cancer cells. The data also provides the lead knowledge for the further development of <em>Thuja</em> as a targeted therapeutic agent for gastric cancer and warrants further pre-clinical investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667142525000259","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background
Thuja occidentalis, a homeopathic remedy, has been extensively used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments, particularly for the skin disease warts. Its therapeutic use is well-documented, especially in Chinese traditional medicine, where it has also been explored for its potential in cancer treatment. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Thuja occidentalis is known as “Ce Bai Ye” (崖柏屬) and has been extensively employed due to its diverse therapeutic features. Ce Bai Ye is particularly valued for its hemostatic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory properties. In traditional Chinese medicine Thuja's astringent nature makes it beneficial for digestive issues such as diarrhoea. Despite the above-mentioned potential applications, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be identified. This study was designed to investigate the molecular impact of Thuja on cancer cells, with a special focus on its effects on gastric cancer cells.
Aim of the study
This study aims to investigate the molecular therapeutic features of Thuja occidentalis in gastric cancer by employing genome-wide expression profiling and by evaluating the impact on the growth and signalling pathways in gastric cancer cells.
Materials and methods
AGS, gastric cancer cells were treated with 0.1% Thuja occidentalis mother tincture, and the impact on inhibiting the features of cancer cell growth was assessed by colony and spheroid-forming assays. Genome-wide expression profiling was conducted to identify the genes and pathways regulated by Thuja. Gene set enrichment analysis was done to elucidate the signalling pathways modulated by Thuja.
Results
Thuja has significantly inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells and also reduced the colony- and spheroid-forming potential. Genome-wide expression profiling has identified a significant downregulation of histone and zinc finger (ZNF) family genes, polymerase-related genes, and ATP genes. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed Thuja to downregulate the signalling pathways, including MAPK, MYC, Wnt, NOTCH, GPCR, TGF-β, PDGF, and JAK/STAT. The genes commonly upregulated in warts were downregulated by Thuja, indicating a potential therapeutic role of Thuja in wart treatment.
Conclusion
This study provides novel insights into the molecular therapeutic effects of Thuja in gastric cancer cells. The data also provides the lead knowledge for the further development of Thuja as a targeted therapeutic agent for gastric cancer and warrants further pre-clinical investigations.
西花是一种顺势疗法药物,在传统医学中被广泛用于治疗各种疾病,特别是皮肤疾病疣。它的治疗用途是有据可查的,特别是在中国传统医学中,它在癌症治疗方面的潜力也被探索过。在传统中医(TCM)中,西茱萸被称为“Ce Bai Ye”(),由于其多种治疗特性而被广泛使用。策白叶因其止血、收敛和抗炎的特性而受到特别重视。在传统中医中,土花的涩味使其有利于消化问题,如腹泻。尽管有上述潜在的应用,潜在的分子机制仍有待确定。本研究旨在探讨胡加对癌细胞的分子影响,特别关注其对胃癌细胞的影响。研究目的本研究旨在通过全基因组表达谱分析和评估对胃癌细胞生长和信号通路的影响,探讨西花在胃癌中的分子治疗作用。材料与方法:采用0.1%西花母酊剂处理胃癌细胞,通过菌落法和球状法观察其对胃癌细胞生长特征的抑制作用。研究人员利用全基因组表达谱分析方法鉴定了该基因调控的基因和途径。通过基因集富集分析,阐明了胡加调控的信号通路。结果紫荆对胃癌细胞的生长有明显的抑制作用,并能降低其集落和球的形成潜力。全基因组表达谱发现组蛋白和锌指(ZNF)家族基因、聚合酶相关基因和ATP基因显著下调。基因集富集分析显示,Thuja下调了MAPK、MYC、Wnt、NOTCH、GPCR、TGF-β、PDGF和JAK/STAT等信号通路。在疣中通常上调的基因被Thuja下调,这表明Thuja在疣治疗中具有潜在的治疗作用。结论本研究为土加对胃癌细胞的分子治疗作用提供了新的认识。该数据还为进一步开发Thuja作为胃癌靶向治疗剂提供了主要知识,并值得进一步的临床前研究。