Tuning Polysulfides into Clustered-States via Non-coordinating Molecular Encapsulation to Achieve an Alternative Kinetics in Li─S Batteries

Abstract

The practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries is hindered by the polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish kinetics inherent in solid–liquid–solid conversion mechanism, particularly under lean electrolyte conditions (<5 µL mg⁻¹). Weakly solvating electrolytes and localized high-concentration electrolytes can suppress polysulfide dissolution and enable a quasi-solid-phase mechanism but suffer from severely limited reaction kinetics. Herein, a clustered-polysulfide-mediated sulfur conversion mechanism enabled by a novel electrolyte composed of 1,2-dimethylbenzene (DTL) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) is proposed. The encapsulation effect of DTL and the coordination of TFSI⁻ with polysulfides drives the aggregation of polysulfides so that the clustered polysulfides with virtual shell boundaries can be the new basic reactive that bridges the gap between the traditional dissolution-dominated mechanism and quasi-solid-state mechanism. The clustered polysulfide electrolyte (CPE) not only suppresses the shuttle effect and stabilizes the lithium anode by mitigating parasitic reactions but also enables alternative reaction kinetics and promotes 3D Li₂S deposition, minimizing electrode passivation. Ultimately, lithium–sulfur batteries can achieve excellent electrochemical performance and can stably operate under lean electrolyte (<4.0 µL mg⁻¹) with an area capacity of >4 mAh cm⁻². This work elucidates the relationship between polysulfide dissolution behavior and redox kinetics, providing a new insight into the understanding of complex sulfur conversion mechanisms.