Craniofacial Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts: An Analysis of Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies.

Abstract

Objective: The rising popularity of martial arts has unfortunately led to a surge in injuries, particularly in the head and neck. Craniofacial injuries, a common occurrence in mixed martial arts (MMA), necessitate a closer look. By studying these injuries, the authors can identify gaps in diagnosis and treatment, and more importantly, the authors can take steps to prevent future injuries. This includes advocating for increased safety measures and risk reduction through the Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was analyzed from 2014 to 2023 to collect data on head and neck injuries related to martial arts equipment within the last 10 years. This data set conveys patient information, such as sex, race, weight, age, diagnosis, treatment date, body part, disposition, and injury location, that occurred while competing in MMA.

Results: Over the most recent 10 years, an estimated 54,787 cases of craniofacial injury due to MMA were reported to the emergency department, with a majority taking place in 2022 (6880 cases/12.6% of all cases). Men were 3.69 times more likely to get injured than women. The 10-year age group with the most injuries was 20 to 29 (18,182 cases/34.3%), but the age with the most cases was 15 years old (2349 cases/6.7%). The most common location of craniofacial injury was the head (22,214 cases/39.3%), and the most common diagnosis was internal injury (11,034 cases/19.5% of all cases). The overwhelming majority of cases had no hospitalization (52,023 cases/95.0% of all cases).

Conclusions: This study underscores the significant occurrence of craniofacial injuries in the context of MMA over the past decade. It provides novel insights into preventative strategies, epidemiology, and disposition of these injuries. The results reveal a spectrum of damage, from low to high severity, and a predilection for adolescent and young adult males. This study advocates for stricter regulations, better protective gear, and increased awareness of safety standards to ensure the well-being of MMA athletes. Future research should focus on post-injury recovery and long-term outcomes to further mitigate risks and enhance the safety of this demanding sport.