IDC pressure sensors enabled smart footwear system for in vitro detection and monitoring of diabetic foot ulcer

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2025.116489

Malik Adnan , Junaid Saddiqi , Muhammad Hamza Zulfiqar , Muhammad Atif Khan , Khaled Al-Jaloud , Ali H. Alqahtani , Rifaqat Hussain , Muhammad Qasim Mehmood

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The early detection and monitoring of foot ulcers in diabetic patients is crucial to prevent severe complications, including infection and amputation. This work offers a novel approach to diabetic foot care with a smart footwear system incorporating a flexible insole embedded with pressure-sensitive Inter-Digitated Capacitive (IDC) sensors. IDC sensors show high linearity behavior to applied pressure, negligible hysteresis loss, and low response time (T_response) and recovery time (T_recovery) of 116 µs and 126 µs, respectively. Additionally, it offers the capability to analyze gait patterns, enabling a deeper understanding of how foot mechanics impact overall health in diabetic patients. A web application-based user-friendly interface was designed to continuously monitor and evaluate foot pressure distribution and provide real-time feedback through different color maps, donut plots, bar graphs, and semi-circular plots. An experiment was conducted with healthy male and female subjects with various weights and foot sizes while wearing the designed footwear to assess the pressure dynamics. Footwear embedded with IDC sensors-based insole detects irregular and unbalanced distribution of pressure that can give rise to foot ulcers and other consequences. According to these results, the IDC sensor-based insole is a competent diagnostic tool for proactive management and lowering the risk of severe consequences for diabetic patients by providing real-time monitoring and early diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers. This innovative device has the potential to significantly improve diabetic foot care by giving medical professionals precise, accurate, useful information about foot health and the distribution of pressure. It is also used for athletes and normal people for gait analysis and corrections.

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来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...