Various Methods of Synthesis and Applications of Gold-Based Nanomaterials: A Detailed Review

Abstract

Gold-based nanoparticles (Au NPs) have emerged as essential materials in nanotechnology due to their unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. This Review explores the synthesis, functionalization, and broad spectrum of applications of Au NPs. Key synthesis methodologies, such as chemical reduction and green synthesis, are discussed with a focus on how they influence nanoparticle size, shape, and stability. Surface functionalization techniques that enhance biocompatibility and target specificity are examined in detail. The versatile applications of Au NPs in biomedicine, ranging from diagnostic imaging and targeted drug delivery to cancer therapy through hyperthermia, underscore their utility in modern healthcare. Furthermore, Au NPs’ superior conductivity and manufacturability drive innovations in electronic applications, including sensors, conductive inks, and nanoelectronics for next-generation devices. In environmental science, their efficacy in detecting pollutants and purifying water is highlighted, representing a promising avenue for ecological applications. Collectively, these applications demonstrate the dynamic role of gold-based nanoparticles across multiple fields, emphasizing the need for continued research and innovations to harness their potential and address current challenges.

This Review provides an in-depth exploration of gold-based nanoparticles (Au NPs), focusing on their synthesis, functionalization, and wide range of applications. It highlights key synthesis methods, including chemical reduction and green synthesis, and their impact on nanoparticle properties such as size, shape, and stability. The Review also examines the diverse applications of Au NPs in photocatalysis, biomedicine, electronics, and environmental science, underscoring their importance and the need for ongoing research to unlock their full potential.