Physiological Stress Indices: A Valuable Tool to Mitigate the Impacts of High Temperatures and Drought on Durum Wheat Yield and Quality

Noemi Tortorici, Nicolò Iacuzzi, Antonella Iurato, Federica Alaimo, Antonio Giovino, Teresa Tuttolomondo, Mauro Sarno
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Abstract

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) is one of the world's most important and widely grown cereals, playing a fundamental role in global food security. In countries where it is traditionally cultivated, abiotic stress caused by high temperatures and limited precipitation, exacerbated by the ongoing climate crisis, is the main cause of production losses quality deterioration, and uncertainty in meeting market demand. The objective of this study was to monitor, across five experimental sites, the effect of climatic variability on phenological, morpho-physiological, and agronomic parameters, using physiological stress indices such as RWC, NDVI, and SPAD. The research was conducted during the 2023/2024 season across the southern Italian landscape of Sicily, a region representative of the durum wheat cultivation scenario in hot-arid environments, and one of the main production areas. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in most parameters, with the exceptions of the number of spikelets per spike, harvest index, and test weight. In general, a decline in yield and quality was observed across all the sites, with notable variability. High temperatures and the absence of precipitation shortened the elongation-flowering and flowering-maturation stages, influencing the accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) in the more inland sites. In most environments, plants showed reduced growth (average culm height: 41.5 cm), while yields ranged from 10.0 to 27.0 q ha⁻¹. Quality parameters, such as yellow pigment (22.9%–24.3%), protein content (13.6%–15.8%), and gluten content (8.8%–11.9%), were variable depending on environmental conditions. Finally, Pearson's correlation analysis showed strong positive correlations between physiological parameters (SPAD, RWC, NDVI) and yield (r ≥ 0.8), between the yellow index and yield (r > 0.8), and strong negative correlations between proteins, dry gluten, and yield (r < −0.8).

Although durum wheat is drought-tolerant, it is affected by water and thermal stress, which causes spatial and temporal variability in production. Monitoring cereal systems and adopting appropriate techniques could mitigate this vulnerability, supporting cereal farming businesses.

Abstract Image

生理胁迫指标:缓解高温干旱对硬粒小麦产量和品质影响的重要工具
硬粒小麦(Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum Desf.)是世界上最重要和广泛种植的谷物之一,在全球粮食安全中发挥着重要作用。在传统种植木薯的国家,高温和有限降水造成的非生物胁迫,加上持续的气候危机,是造成产量损失、质量恶化和满足市场需求不确定性的主要原因。本研究的目的是利用RWC、NDVI和SPAD等生理胁迫指标,在5个试验点监测气候变化对物候、形态生理和农艺参数的影响。该研究于2023/2024年在意大利南部西西里岛进行,西西里岛是炎热干旱环境下硬粒小麦种植情景的代表地区,也是主要产区之一。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,除穗粒数、收获指数和检验质量外,大多数参数存在显著差异。总的来说,在所有的地点都观察到产量和质量的下降,具有显著的变异性。高温和无降水缩短了花期和花成熟期,影响了内陆地区生长度数(GDD)的积累。在大多数环境中,植物生长迟缓(平均茎高41.5厘米),而产量从10.0到27.0 q ha(毒枭)不等。黄色素(22.9% ~ 24.3%)、蛋白含量(13.6% ~ 15.8%)、面筋含量(8.8% ~ 11.9%)等质量参数随环境条件的变化而变化。最后,Pearson相关分析显示,生理参数SPAD、RWC、NDVI与产量呈强正相关(r≥0.8),黄指数与产量呈强负相关(r > 0.8),蛋白、干面筋与产量呈强负相关(r <−0.8)。硬粒小麦虽然具有耐旱性,但受水分和热胁迫的影响,导致生产的时空变异。监测谷物系统并采用适当的技术可以减轻这种脆弱性,从而支持谷物种植企业。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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