Seasonal Source Water Changes and Winds Contribute to the Development of Hypoxia in St Helena Bay Within the Southern Benguela Upwelling System

IF 3.3 2区 地球科学 Q1 OCEANOGRAPHY
A. J. Carlson, S. A. Siedlecki, J. Granger, J. Veitch, G. C. Pitcher, G. Fearon, F. Soares, M. Zhou, R. F. Flynn, S. E. Fawcett
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Abstract

St Helena Bay (SHB), a retentive zone in the productive southern Benguela Upwelling System off western South Africa, experiences seasonal hypoxia and episodic anoxic events that threaten local fisheries. To understand the drivers of oxygen variability in SHB, we queried 25 years of dissolved oxygen (DO) observations alongside high-resolution wind and hydrographic data, and dynamical data from a high-resolution model. At 70 m in SHB (mid-bay), upwelling-favorable winds in spring drove replenishment of cold, oxygenated water. Hypoxia developed in summer, becoming most severe in autumn. Bottom waters in autumn were replenished with warmer, less oxygenated water than in spring—suggesting a seasonal change in source waters upwelled into the bay. Downwelling and deep mixing in winter ventilated mid-bay bottom waters, which reverted to hypoxic conditions during wind relaxations and reversals. In the nearshore (20 m), hypoxia occurred specifically during periods of upwelling-favorable wind stress and was most severe in autumn. Using a statistical model, we extended basic hydrographic observations to nitrate and DO concentrations and developed metrics to identify the accumulation of excess nutrients on the shelf and nitrogen-loss to denitrification, both of which were most prominent in autumn. A correspondence of the biogeochemical properties of hypoxic waters at 20 m to those at 70 m implicates the latter as the source waters upwelled inshore in autumn. We conclude that wind-driven upwelling drives the replenishment of respired bottom waters in SHB with oxygenated waters, noting that less-oxygenated water is imported later in the upwelling season, which exacerbates hypoxia.

圣赫勒拿岛湾(SHB)是南非西部富饶的本格拉上升流系统南部的一个潴留区,这里存在季节性缺氧和偶发性缺氧事件,威胁着当地的渔业。为了了解 SHB 氧变化的驱动因素,我们查询了 25 年的溶解氧(DO)观测数据、高分辨率风和水文数据以及高分辨率模型的动态数据。在 SHB 70 米处(海湾中部),春季的上升流顺风推动了含氧冷水的补充。夏季出现缺氧现象,秋季最为严重。与春季相比,秋季底层水补充了温度较高、含氧量较低的水--这表明涌入海湾的源水发生了季节性变化。冬季的下沉和深层混合使海湾中部的底层水得到通风,在风力减弱和逆转时,底层水又恢复到缺氧状态。在近岸(20 米),缺氧特别发生在上升流有利风压期间,秋季最为严重。利用统计模型,我们将基本的水文观测结果扩展到硝酸盐和溶解氧浓度,并制定了指标来确定陆架上过量营养物质的积累和反硝化作用造成的氮损失,这两种情况在秋季最为突出。20 米处缺氧水域的生物地球化学特性与 70 米处缺氧水域的生物地球化学特性的对应关系表明,后者是秋季沿岸上涌的源水。我们的结论是,风力驱动的上升流推动了上海滩含氧水体对呼吸底层水的补充,同时注意到在上升流季节的后期,含氧较低的水体被输入,从而加剧了缺氧。
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来源期刊
Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans
Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans Earth and Planetary Sciences-Oceanography
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
13.90%
发文量
429
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