Investigating the Physiological Responses of Rye (Secale cereale L.) to Aluminum Chloride and Freeze–Thaw Stress with Citric Acid as a Resilience Enhancer

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-07905-3

Khalid Bashir, Guozhang Bao, Shoujat Ali, Kaino Wycliffe Yano, Lingzhi Tian, Yunqi Jiang, Cunxin Fan, Guomei Li

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Abstract

Freeze–thaw cycles and aluminum chloride are significant environmental stressors, particularly in northern regions. The study explores how exogenous citric acid (CA), can mitigate the negative effects of freeze–thaw (FT) and aluminum (Al) stress. Conducted in tray pots with nutrient solution under controlled lab conditions, the experiment examines the impact of CA (150 µM) on growth, antioxidant systems, osmolyte accumulation, and photosynthetic activity under Al stress (200 µM). Results show that Al stress inhibits growth, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and causes membrane peroxidation, activating antioxidant defenses. CA treatment counteracts Al-induced growth inhibition by reducing ROS and boosting antioxidant activity. Under Al and combined Al + FT stress, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) increased, while net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) declined. CA reversed these effects, raising Pn and Tr and lowering MDA levels. This indicates that CA enhances rye seedling tolerance by strengthening osmotic regulation and antioxidant enzymes, aiding resilience under Al and FT stress.

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.