Source characteristics of non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM1) using high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometric (HR-ToF-AMS) measurements in the urban industrial city in India

IF 4.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121186

Akash S. Vispute , Prodip Acharja , Suresh W. Gosavi , Gaurav Govardhan , Vinayak Ruge , M.N. Patil , T. Dharmaraj , Sachin D. Ghude

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Abstract

This study investigated the source characteristics of submicron non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM₁) over a highly growing urban industrial city near the western coast of India. Using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), we conducted continuous measurements from June 2020 to May 2021, capturing seasonal variations in aerosol composition. The annual average NR-PM₁ concentration was 16.4 ± 15.4 μg m⁻³, with substantially higher concentrations observed during winter (33.3 ± 22.2 μg m⁻³). Chemical analysis revealed distinct contributions of organic aerosols (OA), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and chloride (Cl⁻) to NR-PM₁. Organic aerosol consistently contained the most significant fraction of NR-PM₁ (49–67 % seasonally). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) resolved four distinct OA sources: traffic-related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass-burning OA (BBOA), and two oxygenated OA factors (Semi-Volatile Oxygenated OA (SVOOA) and Low-Volatile Oxygenated OA (LV-OOA)). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was a large OA fraction, with LVOOA being most abundant in winter and post-monsoon, while SV-OOA was higher in monsoon and summer, suggesting photochemical and potentially aqueous-phase formation. Seasonal changes were also observed in OA elemental composition (O/C: 0.67–0.74; H/C: 1.53–1.61; OM/OC: 2.07–2.16) and carbon oxidation state (OSc: 0.25 in monsoon/winter to −0.06 in summer), further supporting the influence of photochemical processes. Size distribution analysis indicated that aerosols were predominantly in the accumulation mode (300–800 nm), suggesting aged and internally mixed aerosol particles. Back trajectory and Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analyses indicated varied regional influences on PM₁ source characteristics.

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利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱（HR-ToF-AMS）测量印度城市工业城市非难降解颗粒物（NR-PM1）的来源特征

本研究调查了印度西海岸附近一个高度发展的城市工业城市亚微米非耐火颗粒物（NR-PM1）的来源特征。利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪（HR-ToF-AMS），我们从2020年6月至2021年5月进行了连续测量，捕捉了气溶胶成分的季节性变化。年平均pm2.5浓度为16.4±15.4 μ m−3，冬季显著增高（33.3±22.2 μ m−3）。化学分析表明，有机气溶胶（OA）、硝酸盐（NO3−）、硫酸盐（SO42−）、铵（NH4+）和氯化物（Cl−）对NR-PM1有明显的贡献。有机气溶胶始终含有最显著的NR-PM1比例（49% - 67%）。正矩阵分解（PMF）分解了四种不同的OA来源：与交通相关的碳氢化合物类OA (HOA)，生物质燃烧OA (BBOA)，以及两种含氧OA因素（半挥发性含氧OA （SVOOA）和低挥发性含氧OA (LV-OOA)）。二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的OA含量较大，其中lvoa在冬季和季风后最为丰富，SV-OOA在季风和夏季较高，表明存在光化学和潜在的水相形成。OA元素组成也有季节变化(O/C: 0.67-0.74；H / C: 1.53 - -1.61;OM/OC: 2.07-2.16)和碳氧化态（季风/冬季OSc: 0.25至夏季- 0.06）进一步支持了光化学过程的影响。粒径分布分析表明，气溶胶主要处于累积模式（300 ~ 800 nm），表明气溶胶颗粒老化且内部混合。反轨迹和浓度加权轨迹（CWT）分析表明，不同区域对PM1源特征的影响不同。

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来源期刊

Atmospheric Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

9.40

自引率

8.00%

发文量

458

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： Atmospheric Environment has an open access mirror journal Atmospheric Environment: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. Atmospheric Environment is the international journal for scientists in different disciplines related to atmospheric composition and its impacts. The journal publishes scientific articles with atmospheric relevance of emissions and depositions of gaseous and particulate compounds, chemical processes and physical effects in the atmosphere, as well as impacts of the changing atmospheric composition on human health, air quality, climate change, and ecosystems.