Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Emerging Biomarker and Prototype of Functional Materials

Abstract

Functional biomaterials composed of multiple biomacromolecules have significant advantages over those made from a single type. However, harmoniously integrating various biomacromolecules remains challenging. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), an emerging biological structure released from neutrophils, serve as a natural prototype worth investigating and learning from. NETs consist of intricate biomacromolecules and exhibit web-like microstructure, endowing them with multifaceted roles in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, research progress is systematically examined on NETs from a materials science perspective. First, the origin and transformation of NETs are introduced, and their functional mechanisms of various NET components are thoroughly dissected rather than conventionally treating NETs as a single entity. Second, given their complex components and functions, NETs are revealed as a potential biomarker for disease prediction. Third, typical characterization technologies for the analysis of NETs are summarized. Fourth, artificial materials inspired by NETs are discussed. In addition, the natural regulatory processes of NETs provide bio-inspired prototypes for the design of advanced functional materials. Finally, perspectives on the opportunities and challenges in advancing NETs are presented as emerging biomarkers and models for the development of bio-inspired materials.