Sustainable ammonia production routes and barriers: A critical review

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2025.116397

Hamid Reza Rahimpour, Babak Mokhtarani, Ali Salehabadi, Jafar Zanganeh, Behdad Moghtaderi

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Abstract

The integration of renewable energy resources into ammonia (NH₃) production offers a promising pathway toward environmentally friendly and sustainable NH₃ synthesis processes. This study examines the advantages and challenges associated with established and emerging NH₃ production technologies to identify a sustainable NH₃ production technique. It begins with an exploration of sustainable nitrogen (N₂) separation methods (i.e., PSA) and hydrogen (H₂) production methods (i.e., electrolyser), as feedstock for green NH₃ synthesis, followed by several routes for NH₃ production technologies. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges are discussed with an emphasis on technological limitations, highlighting chemical looping ammonia production (CLAP) as a promising approach, offering potential reductions in both operating pressure and temperature, which could enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of this process. Finally, the potential of the CLAP to either replace or integrate with the traditional Haber-Bosch (HB) technique is examined, along with its benefits and drawbacks.

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可持续氨生产路线和障碍：重要综述

将可再生能源整合到氨（NH3）生产中，为实现环境友好型和可持续的 NH3 合成工艺提供了一条大有可为的途径。本研究探讨了与现有和新兴 NH3 生产技术相关的优势和挑战，以确定一种可持续的 NH3 生产技术。研究首先探讨了作为绿色 NH3 合成原料的可持续氮 (N2) 分离方法（即 PSA）和氢 (H2) 生产方法（即电解槽），然后介绍了几种 NH3 生产技术路线。此外，还讨论了机遇和挑战，重点是技术限制，强调化学循环氨生产（CLAP）是一种很有前途的方法，可降低操作压力和温度，从而提高该工艺的效率和成本效益。最后，研究了化学循环氨生产技术取代传统哈伯-博什（HB）技术或与之结合的潜力，以及其优点和缺点。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Environmental Science-Pollution

CiteScore

11.40

自引率

6.50%

发文量

2017

审稿时长

27 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (JECE) serves as a platform for the dissemination of original and innovative research focusing on the advancement of environmentally-friendly, sustainable technologies. JECE emphasizes the transition towards a carbon-neutral circular economy and a self-sufficient bio-based economy. Topics covered include soil, water, wastewater, and air decontamination; pollution monitoring, prevention, and control; advanced analytics, sensors, impact and risk assessment methodologies in environmental chemical engineering; resource recovery (water, nutrients, materials, energy); industrial ecology; valorization of waste streams; waste management (including e-waste); climate-water-energy-food nexus; novel materials for environmental, chemical, and energy applications; sustainability and environmental safety; water digitalization, water data science, and machine learning; process integration and intensification; recent developments in green chemistry for synthesis, catalysis, and energy; and original research on contaminants of emerging concern, persistent chemicals, and priority substances, including microplastics, nanoplastics, nanomaterials, micropollutants, antimicrobial resistance genes, and emerging pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) of environmental significance.