{"title":"Examining the root of intergroup sensitivity: What is the norm underlying defensive reactions to criticism?","authors":"C.J. Erion, Sean M. McCrea","doi":"10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101161","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Criticism is important for change and growth and is a common component of group-level interactions. One variable that influences how people react to criticism is the group membership of the person delivering it. Both targets and bystanders of critical comments respond with more sensitivity and defensiveness to intergroup criticism (i.e., criticism between groups) relative to intragroup criticism (i.e., criticism within a group), termed the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect (ISE). In this paper, we seek to explain why the ISE occurs, refining previous arguments that intergroup criticizers violate a norm. Research on prejudice, intergroup trust, intergroup cooperation, and the pragmatics of politeness and cooperation are referenced to inform a novel Norm Perspective explanation of the ISE. This perspective suggests that there is a general prescriptive cooperation norm that is violated when outgroup members criticize other groups. Namely, the combination of intergroup criticism that does not follow cooperation and politeness pragmatic principles as well as suspicion toward outgroup member motives leads to a perception of uncooperative behavior. We then review previously used strategies for decreasing the ISE in the context of this proposed cooperative norm. Future directions for testing this theory and implications for ISE reduction strategies are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51556,"journal":{"name":"New Ideas in Psychology","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"New Ideas in Psychology","FirstCategoryId":"102","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X25000170","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Criticism is important for change and growth and is a common component of group-level interactions. One variable that influences how people react to criticism is the group membership of the person delivering it. Both targets and bystanders of critical comments respond with more sensitivity and defensiveness to intergroup criticism (i.e., criticism between groups) relative to intragroup criticism (i.e., criticism within a group), termed the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect (ISE). In this paper, we seek to explain why the ISE occurs, refining previous arguments that intergroup criticizers violate a norm. Research on prejudice, intergroup trust, intergroup cooperation, and the pragmatics of politeness and cooperation are referenced to inform a novel Norm Perspective explanation of the ISE. This perspective suggests that there is a general prescriptive cooperation norm that is violated when outgroup members criticize other groups. Namely, the combination of intergroup criticism that does not follow cooperation and politeness pragmatic principles as well as suspicion toward outgroup member motives leads to a perception of uncooperative behavior. We then review previously used strategies for decreasing the ISE in the context of this proposed cooperative norm. Future directions for testing this theory and implications for ISE reduction strategies are discussed.
期刊介绍:
New Ideas in Psychology is a journal for theoretical psychology in its broadest sense. We are looking for new and seminal ideas, from within Psychology and from other fields that have something to bring to Psychology. We welcome presentations and criticisms of theory, of background metaphysics, and of fundamental issues of method, both empirical and conceptual. We put special emphasis on the need for informed discussion of psychological theories to be interdisciplinary. Empirical papers are accepted at New Ideas in Psychology, but only as long as they focus on conceptual issues and are theoretically creative. We are also open to comments or debate, interviews, and book reviews.