Evaluating the role of fluoroscopy in calcaneal pin placement

Abstract

Although fluoroscopy-assisted calcaneal pin placement for ankle-spanning external fixation or skeletal traction was advocated in the literature, evidence for necessity of fluoroscopy for this application is lacking. This study aimed to compare the calcaneal pin locations and complications of patients who underwent pin placement with and without fluoroscopy guidance. In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients that underwent external fixation for ankle fractures between October 2022 and May 2024 were included. The primary outcome was the rate of the pins that were inside the safe zone. Secondary outcomes were the distance of pins to the tip of medial malleolus and the posteriormost point of calcaneus and complications such as neurovascular deficit and calcaneal fracture. Eighty-two patients (mean age 47±16.4 - min. 18 - max. 89, 54.9 % male) were involved in the study. Forty-five patients (group 1) had their pins placed without fluoroscopy assistance and thirty-seven patients (group 2) with fluoroscopy assistance. Five patients (11.1 %) in group 1 and seven patients (18.9 %) in group 2 had their pins placed outside the safe zone (P = 0.320). Distance of the hole from medial malleolus was mean 38.8 ± 7.9 mm for group 1 and 51.3 ± 8.32 mm for group 2 (P < 0.001), and distance from posteriormost point of calcaneus was mean 25.2 ± 6.3 mm for group 1 and 21.4 ± 7.9 mm for group 2 (P = 0.019). No neurovascular complications or calcaneal fracture were seen during follow-up. In conclusion, fluoroscopy guidance does not provide any additional benefit for placing calcaneal pins.