Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China.

IF 3.9 3区 医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Toxins Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI:10.3390/toxins17030137
Zuoyin Zhu, Haisheng Cheng, Jie Wang, Junmei Ma, Jianhua Wang, Hongyang Wang, Xinli Zhou, Junhua Yang
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Abstract

Co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in feed has become one of the most important issues in the world. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination among 15 mycotoxins were explored in dairy cow feed, including total mixed ration (TMR), silage, maize, and hay feed. The results showed that four dairy cow feeds were constantly contaminated with mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), and aflatoxins (AFs). The contamination level of each mycotoxin was low, but the probability of co-contamination by three or more mycotoxins in one sample was very high. Between DON and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), between aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and OTA, between FB2 and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), between 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and ZEN, and between fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and between aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), there were significant and strong correlations. Among the four typical feed samples, the combinations DON + ZEN, DON + FB1, FB1 + ZEN, OTA + ZEN, DON + 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 3-ADON + ZEN, T-2 + ZEN, fumonisin B2 (FB2) + ZEN, and DON + FB3 had higher interaction rates than the other combinations (≥43.75%). Our study not only reveals that co-contamination with multiple mycotoxins is relatively common in dairy cow feed but also highlights the significant correlations between various mycotoxins and assesses the likelihood of their interactions. These findings are crucial for ensuring feed safety and safeguarding animal health.

中国奶牛饲料中多种真菌毒素共污染及相互作用的发生。
饲料中多种真菌毒素的共同污染已成为世界上最重要的问题之一。本研究对全混合日粮、青贮饲料、玉米和干草饲料等奶牛饲料中15种真菌毒素的共污染特性及相互作用进行了研究。结果表明,玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、伏马菌素(FBs)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇(DON)、赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)、T-2毒素(T-2)和黄曲霉毒素(AFs)等4种奶牛饲料持续受到真菌毒素污染。每种霉菌毒素的污染水平都很低,但在一个样品中被三种或三种以上霉菌毒素共同污染的可能性非常高。DON与黄曲霉毒素B2 (AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素M1 (AFM1)与OTA、FB2与黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇(15-ADON)与ZEN、伏马毒素B1 (FB1)与伏马毒素B3 (FB3)、黄曲霉毒素M2 (AFM2)与黄曲霉毒素G2 (AFG2)之间存在显著且强的相关性。4种典型饲料样品中,DON + ZEN、DON + FB1、FB1 + ZEN、OTA + ZEN、DON + 3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇(3-ADON)、3-ADON + ZEN、T-2 + ZEN、伏马菌素B2 (FB2) + ZEN和DON + FB3的互作率均高于其他组合(≥43.75%)。我们的研究不仅揭示了多种真菌毒素的共同污染在奶牛饲料中相对常见,而且还强调了各种真菌毒素之间的显著相关性,并评估了它们相互作用的可能性。这些发现对于确保饲料安全和保护动物健康至关重要。
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来源期刊
Toxins
Toxins TOXICOLOGY-
CiteScore
7.50
自引率
16.70%
发文量
765
审稿时长
16.24 days
期刊介绍: Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to toxins and toxinology. It publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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