Insecticides and testicular health: mechanisms of injury and protective natural products.

Abstract

In agriculture and public health, insecticides are vital chemicals that help manage diseases and control pests. However, their extensive use has raised concerns about their negative consequences on both humans and animals. Pesticide exposure impacts numerous human organs, including the reproductive system. Infertility is caused by reproductive system disorders, which is why they have received a lot of attention in recent decades. According to what is currently known, insecticides are among the substances that may lower the quality of the semen produced by exposed workers. The mechanisms of this action are still unclear, even though numerous underlying mechanisms have been suggested. With an emphasis on the harmful effects of insecticides on male reproductive processes, this review provides a thorough analysis of the toxicity profile of these substances. To reduce insecticides' negative impacts on human and animal health and to direct future research initiatives, it is essential to comprehend their harmful consequences.