Functional Activation following Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurotypical Adult Readers.

Abstract

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is considered a promising technique to noninvasively modulate cortical excitability and enhance cognitive functions. Despite the growing interest in using TMS to facilitate reading performance in learning disabilities, the immediate TMS-induced effects on brain activity during reading and language tasks in adults with typically developed reading skills remain to be further investigated. In the current study, we explored how a single offline session of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) delivered to core left-hemisphere nodes of the dorsal and ventral reading network changes brain activity during a spoken and written reading task.

Methods: A total of 25 adults with typically developed reading skills participated in a sandwich design TMS-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, which was comprised of a baseline fMRI picture-word identification task that involved matching written or spoken words to picture cues, a single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) session to either the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) or the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), followed by a post-stimulation fMRI session. A whole-brain analysis based on the general lineal model (GLM) was used to identify overall activated regions during the processing of spoken and written words. To identify differences between pre-and post-stimulation fMRI sessions, a paired sample t-test was conducted for each group separately (SMG and MTG groups).

Results: Significant differences were found between pre-and post-stimulation fMRI sessions, with higher functional activation (post > pre) for spoken words only following SMG stimulation, and for both spoken and written words following MTG stimulation, in regions associated with the reading network and additional cognitive and executive control regions.

Conclusions: Our results showed how a single-offline TMS session can modulate brain activity at ~20 minutes post-stimulation during spoken and written word processing. The selective contribution of the SMG stimulation for auditory (spoken) word processing provides further evidence of the distinct role of the dorsal and ventral streams within the reading network. These findings could contribute to the development of neuromodulatory interventions for individuals with reading and language impairments.

Clinical trial registration: No: NCT04041960. Registered 29 July, 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04041960?cond=NCT04041960&rank=1 .