Unraveling the complexity of microglial responses in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury.

Q2 Medicine

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI:10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00015-6

Rebecca J Henry, David J Loane

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Abstract

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in neuroimmune signaling, neuroprotection, and neuroinflammation. In the healthy CNS, microglia adopt a surveillant and antiinflammatory phenotype characterized by a ramified scanning morphology that maintains CNS homeostasis. In response to acquired insults, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI), microglia undergo a dramatic morphologic and functional switch to that of a reactive state. This microglial switch is initially protective and supports the return of the injured tissue to a physiologic homeostatic state. However, there is now a significant body of evidence that both TBI and SCI can result in a chronic state of microglial activation, which contributes to neurodegeneration and impairments in long-term neurologic outcomes in humans and animal models. In this review, we discuss the complex role of microglia in the pathophysiology of TBI and SCI, and recent advancements in knowledge of microglial phenotypic states in the injured CNS. Furthermore, we highlight novel therapeutic strategies targeting chronic microglial responses in experimental models and discuss how they may ultimately be translated to the clinic for human brain and SCI.

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来源期刊

Handbook of clinical neurology Medicine-Neurology (clinical)

CiteScore

4.10

自引率

0.00%

发文量

302

期刊介绍： The Handbook of Clinical Neurology (HCN) was originally conceived and edited by Pierre Vinken and George Bruyn as a prestigious, multivolume reference work that would cover all the disorders encountered by clinicians and researchers engaged in neurology and allied fields. The first series of the Handbook (Volumes 1-44) was published between 1968 and 1982 and was followed by a second series (Volumes 45-78), guided by the same editors, which concluded in 2002. By that time, the Handbook had come to represent one of the largest scientific works ever published. In 2002, Professors Michael J. Aminoff, François Boller, and Dick F. Swaab took on the responsibility of supervising the third (current) series, the first volumes of which published in 2003. They have designed this series to encompass both clinical neurology and also the basic and clinical neurosciences that are its underpinning. Given the enormity and complexity of the accumulating literature, it is almost impossible to keep abreast of developments in the field, thus providing the raison d''être for the series. The series will thus appeal to clinicians and investigators alike, providing to each an added dimension. Now, more than 140 volumes after it began, the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series has an unparalleled reputation for providing the latest information on fundamental research on the operation of the nervous system in health and disease, comprehensive clinical information on neurological and related disorders, and up-to-date treatment protocols.