What is the importance of monitoring iron levels in different organs over time with magnetic resonance imaging in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients?

Abstract

Introduction: Iron overload is the main pathophysiological driver of organ damage in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides detailed insights into the distribution and severity of iron accumulation in the different organs.

Areas covered: This special report describes the impact of MRI on clinical and therapeutic management and short- and long-term outcomes in TDT patients. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify the relevant studies published before November 2024.

Expert opinion: Cardiac and hepatic MRI are now well-established modalities, integrated into the clinical practice. They have become essential for tailoring iron chelation therapies to the specific patient's needs and for monitoring treatment efficacy. The improved control of cardiac iron burden has translated into reduced morbidity and mortality. The MRI accessibility remains limited in resource-limited settings and progress in this field relies on educating and training centers to ensure accurate execution and interpretation. The clinicopathological significance, prognostic value, and reproducibility of pancreatic iron levels assessment have been established, charting a path toward its clinical use. There are limited data about renal, adrenal, and pituitary iron deposition, and more research is needed to fully establish the functional significance and to standardize and validate the MRI protocols.