Vitamin D and calcium levels related to bone mineral density during pregnancy and postpartum.

Abstract

Bone mineral density (BMD) is crucial for bone strength, with even a modest decrease significantly elevating fracture risk. Calcium imbalance during pregnancy contributes to BMD loss, as maternal stores are mobilized to support fetal skeletal development. Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates this issue, with prevalence rates alarming in various populations. Supplementation with vitamin D and calcium aims to mitigate BMD decline; however, optimal dosing and efficacy remain debated. Studies utilizing innovative diagnostic tools like radiofrequency echographic multi spectrometry (REMS) and quantitative ultrasonometry (QUS) shed light on BMD changes during pregnancy, offering safer alternatives to traditional methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), prohibited during pregnancy due to fetal radiation risks. Despite methodological challenges, research reveals significant BMD reductions during pregnancy, particularly in weight-bearing bones. In conclusion, maintaining maternal bone health during pregnancy and postpartum is critical, requiring comprehensive monitoring and support. Further research is needed to elucidate optimal strategies for preserving BMD throughout the reproductive lifespan, reducing fracture risk and enhancing maternal well-being.