Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Commercially Available Sorbents.

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants of growing environmental and human health concern, widely detected across various environmental compartments. Effective remediation strategies are essential to mitigate their widespread impacts. This study compared the performance of two types of commercially available sorbent materials, granular activated carbon (GAC, Filtrasorb-400) and organoclays (OC-200, and modified organoclays Fluoro-sorb-100 and Fluoro-sorb-200) for the removal of three representative PFAS compounds: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) from water. Both organoclays and modified organoclays outperformed GAC, likely due to electrostatic interactions between the anionic PFAS compounds and the cationic functional groups of the modified organoclays. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the rapid sorption kinetics of PFOA, PFNA, and PFOS. For PFOA, OC-200 demonstrated the highest adsorption capacities (q_max = 47.17 µg/g). For PFNA and PFOS, Fluoro-sorb-100 was the most effective sorbent, with q_max values at 99.01 µg/g and 65.79 µg/g, respectively. Desorption studies indicated that the sorption of the three PFAS compounds on these commercially available sorbents was largely irreversible. This study highlights the effectiveness and sorption capacities of different types of commercial sorbents for PFAS removal and offers valuable insights into the selection of reactive media for PFAS removal from water under environmentally relevant conditions.