Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metals and Minerals in Dairy and Plant-Based Milk Alternatives Available in Pakistan's Markets.

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biological Trace Element Research Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-26 DOI:10.1007/s12011-025-04553-w

Aiman Usman, Sadaf Yaqoob, Hamza Shafiq, Mamoona Amir, Muhammad Riaz, Kousar Parveen, Usama Usman

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Abstract

This study evaluated heavy metals and minerals concentrations in dairy and plant-based milk alternatives available in Pakistan using ICP-MS. A total of 324 raw milk samples (cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, camel), 48 heat-treated samples (UHT, pasteurized, powdered), and 21 plant-based milk (coconut, almond, soy, oat, rice, walnut, cashew) were analyzed. Results showed significant differences in heavy metal levels across milk types. Chromium was the most common heavy metal in raw milk, especially in buffalo milk (0.16 mg L^-1). Heat-treated milk had lower heavy metal concentrations than raw milk, with pasteurized milk showing higher cadmium levels (0.08 mg L^-1). Among plant-based milk, oat milk had the lowest heavy metal concentration (0.02 mg L^-1), while powdered milk had the least contamination overall. Findings highlight the need for stringent quality control to ensure safety and nutritional standards in dairy and plant-based milk products.

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巴基斯坦市场上可用的乳制品和植物性牛奶替代品中重金属和矿物质的比较分析。

本研究使用ICP-MS评估了巴基斯坦可用的乳制品和植物性牛奶替代品中的重金属和矿物质浓度。共分析了324份原料奶（牛、水牛、山羊、绵羊、骆驼）、48份热处理奶（超高温灭菌、巴氏灭菌、粉状）和21份植物奶（椰子、杏仁、大豆、燕麦、大米、核桃、腰果）。结果显示，不同种类的牛奶中重金属含量存在显著差异。铬是原料奶中最常见的重金属，特别是在水牛奶中（0.16 mg L-1）。热处理奶的重金属浓度低于原料奶，而巴氏杀菌奶的镉含量较高（0.08 mg L-1）。在植物奶中，燕麦奶的重金属浓度最低（0.02 mg L-1），而奶粉的总体污染最低。研究结果强调需要严格的质量控制，以确保乳制品和植物性乳制品的安全和营养标准。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Biological Trace Element Research 生物-内分泌学与代谢

CiteScore

8.70

自引率

10.30%

发文量

459

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Biological Trace Element Research provides a much-needed central forum for the emergent, interdisciplinary field of research on the biological, environmental, and biomedical roles of trace elements. Rather than confine itself to biochemistry, the journal emphasizes the integrative aspects of trace metal research in all appropriate fields, publishing human and animal nutritional studies devoted to the fundamental chemistry and biochemistry at issue as well as to the elucidation of the relevant aspects of preventive medicine, epidemiology, clinical chemistry, agriculture, endocrinology, animal science, pharmacology, microbiology, toxicology, virology, marine biology, sensory physiology, developmental biology, and related fields.