Ionic Liquid Dispersion Liquid Liquid Microextraction Phthalates From Sewage Coupled With High Performance Liquid Chromatography Detection

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-07897-0

Xiaojing Chen, Fengxia Qiao, Huizhen Chen

{"title":"Ionic Liquid Dispersion Liquid Liquid Microextraction Phthalates From Sewage Coupled With High Performance Liquid Chromatography Detection","authors":"Xiaojing Chen, Fengxia Qiao, Huizhen Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-07897-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study presents a green and efficient approach for the determination of phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), in sewage water. The method combines dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection, utilizing ionic liquids, specifically [C<sub>6</sub>MIM]PF<sub>6</sub>, as environmentally friendly extraction solvents, and methanol as the dispersant. Through optimization of parameters, including extractive solvent volume and kind, dispersive solvent selection, and salt influence, the method demonstrates exceptional sensitivity and selectivity. Validation studies confirm its analytical robustness, with low limits of detection, high precision, and successful avoidance of matrix interferences. Application to real industry sewage samples from one sewage outfall reveals elevated DEP and DBP detection levels, highlighting the method's efficacy in monitoring environmental pollution. Good linearity of DEP and DBP in the range of 0.200–180.00 μg/mL (R<sup>2</sup>: 0.9999) could be obtained. The spiked recoveries of DEP and DBP were in a range of 90.23%-95.11% and 91.18%-107.4% (RSD ≤ 5.34) with the detection limits of 0.0053 μg/mL and 0.0094 μg/mL respectively. The choice of ionic liquids aligns with green analytical chemistry principles, contributing to sustainable and eco-friendly analytical methodologies. In conclusion, the developed DLLME-HPLC method stands as a promising tool for rapid, efficient, and environmentally conscious determination of trace-level phthalates in complex environmental matrices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"6","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-025-07897-0","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The study presents a green and efficient approach for the determination of phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), in sewage water. The method combines dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection, utilizing ionic liquids, specifically [C₆MIM]PF₆, as environmentally friendly extraction solvents, and methanol as the dispersant. Through optimization of parameters, including extractive solvent volume and kind, dispersive solvent selection, and salt influence, the method demonstrates exceptional sensitivity and selectivity. Validation studies confirm its analytical robustness, with low limits of detection, high precision, and successful avoidance of matrix interferences. Application to real industry sewage samples from one sewage outfall reveals elevated DEP and DBP detection levels, highlighting the method's efficacy in monitoring environmental pollution. Good linearity of DEP and DBP in the range of 0.200–180.00 μg/mL (R²: 0.9999) could be obtained. The spiked recoveries of DEP and DBP were in a range of 90.23%-95.11% and 91.18%-107.4% (RSD ≤ 5.34) with the detection limits of 0.0053 μg/mL and 0.0094 μg/mL respectively. The choice of ionic liquids aligns with green analytical chemistry principles, contributing to sustainable and eco-friendly analytical methodologies. In conclusion, the developed DLLME-HPLC method stands as a promising tool for rapid, efficient, and environmentally conscious determination of trace-level phthalates in complex environmental matrices.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.